1 <!doctype book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V3.1//EN" [
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8 <date>January 24th, 2003</date>
9 <title>GTK+ 2.0 Tutorial</title>
12 <firstname>Tony</firstname>
13 <surname>Gale</surname>
16 <firstname>Ian</firstname>
17 <surname>Main</surname>
20 <firstname>& the GTK team</firstname>
24 <para>This is a tutorial on how to use GTK (the GTK+ Toolkit) through its C
31 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
32 <chapter id="ch-TutorialDownload">
33 <title>Tutorial Availability</title>
35 <para>A copy of this tutorial in SGML and HTML is distributed with each
36 source code release of GTK+. For binary distributions, please check with
39 <para>A copy is available online for reference at <ulink
40 url="http://www.gtk.org/tutorial/">http://www.gtk.org/tutorial</ulink>.</para>
42 <para>A packaged verion of this tutorial is available from
43 <ulink url="ftp://ftp.gtk.org/pub/gtk/tutorial/">
44 ftp://ftp.gtk.org/pub/gtk/tutorial</ulink> which contains the tutorial in
45 various different formats. This
46 package is primary for those people wanting to have the tutorial
47 available for offline reference and for printing.</para>
51 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
52 <chapter id="ch-Introduction">
53 <title>Introduction</title>
55 <para>GTK (GTK+ Toolkit) is a library for creating graphical user
56 interfaces. It is licensed using the LGPL license, so you can develop
57 open software, free software, or even commercial non-free software
58 using GTK without having to spend anything for licenses or royalties.</para>
60 <para>It's called the GIMP toolkit because it was originally written for
61 developing the GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP), but GTK has
62 now been used in a large number of software projects, including the
63 GNU Network Object Model Environment (GNOME) project. GTK is built on
64 top of GDK (GTK+ Drawing Kit) which is basically a wrapper around the
65 low-level functions for accessing the underlying windowing functions
66 (Xlib in the case of the X windows system), and gdk-pixbuf, a library for
67 client-side image manipulation.</para>
69 <para>GTK is essentially an object oriented application programmers
70 interface (API). Although written completely in C, it is implemented
71 using the idea of classes and callback functions (pointers to
74 <para>There is also a third component called GLib which contains a few
75 replacements for some standard calls, as well as some additional
76 functions for handling linked lists, etc. The replacement functions
77 are used to increase GTK's portability, as some of the functions
78 implemented here are not available or are nonstandard on other Unixes
79 such as g_strerror(). Some also contain enhancements to the libc
80 versions, such as g_malloc() that has enhanced debugging utilities.</para>
82 <para>In version 2.0, GLib has picked up the type system which forms the
83 foundation for GTK's class hierarchy, the signal system which is used
84 throughout GTK, a thread API which abstracts the different native thread APIs
85 of the various platforms and a facility for loading modules.
88 <para>As the last component, GTK uses the Pango library for internationalized
92 <para>This tutorial describes the C interface to GTK. There are GTK
93 bindings for many other languages including C++, Guile, Perl, Python,
94 TOM, Ada95, Objective C, Free Pascal, Eiffel, Java and C#. If you intend to
95 use another language's bindings to GTK, look at that binding's
96 documentation first. In some cases that documentation may describe
97 some important conventions (which you should know first) and then
98 refer you back to this tutorial. There are also some cross-platform
99 APIs (such as wxWindows and V) which use GTK as one of their target
100 platforms; again, consult their documentation first.</para>
102 <para>If you're developing your GTK application in C++, a few extra notes
103 are in order. There's a C++ binding to GTK called GTK--, which
104 provides a more C++-like interface to GTK; you should probably look
105 into this instead. If you don't like that approach for whatever
106 reason, there are two alternatives for using GTK. First, you can use
107 only the C subset of C++ when interfacing with GTK and then use the C
108 interface as described in this tutorial. Second, you can use GTK and
109 C++ together by declaring all callbacks as static functions in C++
110 classes, and again calling GTK using its C interface. If you choose
111 this last approach, you can include as the callback's data value a
112 pointer to the object to be manipulated (the so-called "this" value).
113 Selecting between these options is simply a matter of preference,
114 since in all three approaches you get C++ and GTK. None of these
115 approaches requires the use of a specialized preprocessor, so no
116 matter what you choose you can use standard C++ with GTK.</para>
118 <para>This tutorial is an attempt to document as much as possible of GTK,
119 but it is by no means complete. This tutorial assumes a good
120 understanding of C, and how to create C programs. It would be a great
121 benefit for the reader to have previous X programming experience, but
122 it shouldn't be necessary. If you are learning GTK as your first
123 widget set, please comment on how you found this tutorial, and what
124 you had trouble with. There are also C++, Objective C, ADA, Guile and
125 other language bindings available, but I don't follow these.</para>
127 <para>This document is a "work in progress". Please look for updates on
128 <ulink url="http://www.gtk.org/">http://www.gtk.org/</ulink>.</para>
130 <para>I would very much like to hear of any problems you have learning GTK
131 from this document, and would appreciate input as to how it may be
132 improved. Please see the section on <link linkend="ch-Contributing">Contributing
133 </link> for further information.</para>
137 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
138 <chapter id="ch-GettingStarted">
139 <title>Getting Started</title>
141 <para>The first thing to do, of course, is download the GTK source and
142 install it. You can always get the latest version from <ulink
143 url="ftp://ftp.gtk.org/pub/gtk">ftp.gtk.org</ulink>. You can also view
144 other sources of GTK information on
145 <ulink url="http://www.gtk.org/">http://www.gtk.org/</ulink>. GTK
146 uses GNU autoconf for configuration. Once untar'd, type
147 <literal>./configure --help</literal> to see a list of options.</para>
149 <para>The GTK source distribution also contains the complete source to all
150 of the examples used in this tutorial, along with Makefiles to aid
153 <para>To begin our introduction to GTK, we'll start with the simplest
154 program possible. This program will create a 200x200 pixel window and
155 has no way of exiting except to be killed by using the shell.</para>
160 <imagedata fileref="images/base.png" format="png">
165 <programlisting role="C">
166 <!-- example-start base base.c -->
168 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
175 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
177 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
178 gtk_widget_show (window);
187 <para>You can compile the above program with gcc using:</para>
188 <para><literallayout>
189 <literal>gcc base.c -o base `pkg-config --cflags --libs gtk+-2.0`</literal>
190 </literallayout></para>
192 <para>The meaning of the unusual compilation options is explained below in
193 <link linkend="sec-Compiling">Compiling Hello World</link>.</para>
195 <para>All programs will of course include <filename>gtk/gtk.h</filename> which
196 declares the variables, functions, structures, etc. that will be used in your GTK
199 <para>The next line:</para>
201 <programlisting role="C">
202 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
205 <para>calls the function gtk_init(gint *argc, gchar ***argv) which will be called
206 in all GTK applications. This sets up a few things for us such as the default visual
207 and color map and then proceeds to call gdk_init(gint *argc, gchar ***argv).
208 This function initializes the library for use, sets up default signal handlers, and
209 checks the arguments passed to your application on the command line, looking for
210 one of the following:</para>
212 <itemizedlist spacing=Compact>
213 <listitem><simpara> <literal>--gtk-module</literal></simpara>
215 <listitem><simpara> <literal>--g-fatal-warnings</literal></simpara>
217 <listitem><simpara> <literal>--gtk-debug</literal></simpara>
219 <listitem><simpara> <literal>--gtk-no-debug</literal></simpara>
221 <listitem><simpara> <literal>--gdk-debug</literal></simpara>
223 <listitem><simpara> <literal>--gdk-no-debug</literal></simpara>
225 <listitem><simpara> <literal>--display</literal></simpara>
227 <listitem><simpara> <literal>--sync</literal></simpara>
229 <listitem><simpara> <literal>--name</literal></simpara>
231 <listitem><simpara> <literal>--class</literal></simpara>
235 <para>It removes these from the argument list, leaving anything it does not
236 recognize for your application to parse or ignore. This creates a set
237 of standard arguments accepted by all GTK applications.</para>
239 <para>The next two lines of code create and display a window.</para>
241 <programlisting role="C">
242 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
243 gtk_widget_show (window);
246 <para>The <literal>GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL</literal> argument specifies that we want the
247 window to undergo window manager decoration and placement. Rather than
248 create a window of 0x0 size, a window without children is set to
249 200x200 by default so you can still manipulate it.</para>
251 <para>The gtk_widget_show() function lets GTK know that we are done setting
252 the attributes of this widget, and that it can display it.</para>
254 <para>The last line enters the GTK main processing loop.</para>
256 <programlisting role="C">
260 <para>gtk_main() is another call you will see in every GTK application.
261 When control reaches this point, GTK will sleep waiting for X events
262 (such as button or key presses), timeouts, or file IO notifications to
263 occur. In our simple example, however, events are ignored.</para>
265 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
266 <sect1 id="sec-HelloWorld">
267 <title>Hello World in GTK</title>
269 <para>Now for a program with a widget (a button). It's the classic
270 hello world a la GTK.</para>
275 <imagedata fileref="images/helloworld.png" format="png">
280 <programlisting role="C">
281 <!-- example-start helloworld helloworld.c -->
283 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
285 /* This is a callback function. The data arguments are ignored
286 * in this example. More on callbacks below. */
287 static void hello( GtkWidget *widget,
290 g_print ("Hello World\n");
293 static gboolean delete_event( GtkWidget *widget,
297 /* If you return FALSE in the "delete_event" signal handler,
298 * GTK will emit the "destroy" signal. Returning TRUE means
299 * you don't want the window to be destroyed.
300 * This is useful for popping up 'are you sure you want to quit?'
303 g_print ("delete event occurred\n");
305 /* Change TRUE to FALSE and the main window will be destroyed with
306 * a "delete_event". */
311 /* Another callback */
312 static void destroy( GtkWidget *widget,
321 /* GtkWidget is the storage type for widgets */
325 /* This is called in all GTK applications. Arguments are parsed
326 * from the command line and are returned to the application. */
327 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
329 /* create a new window */
330 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
332 /* When the window is given the "delete_event" signal (this is given
333 * by the window manager, usually by the "close" option, or on the
334 * titlebar), we ask it to call the delete_event () function
335 * as defined above. The data passed to the callback
336 * function is NULL and is ignored in the callback function. */
337 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "delete_event",
338 G_CALLBACK (delete_event), NULL);
340 /* Here we connect the "destroy" event to a signal handler.
341 * This event occurs when we call gtk_widget_destroy() on the window,
342 * or if we return FALSE in the "delete_event" callback. */
343 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
344 G_CALLBACK (destroy), NULL);
346 /* Sets the border width of the window. */
347 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
349 /* Creates a new button with the label "Hello World". */
350 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Hello World");
352 /* When the button receives the "clicked" signal, it will call the
353 * function hello() passing it NULL as its argument. The hello()
354 * function is defined above. */
355 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
356 G_CALLBACK (hello), NULL);
358 /* This will cause the window to be destroyed by calling
359 * gtk_widget_destroy(window) when "clicked". Again, the destroy
360 * signal could come from here, or the window manager. */
361 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
362 G_CALLBACK (gtk_widget_destroy),
365 /* This packs the button into the window (a gtk container). */
366 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), button);
368 /* The final step is to display this newly created widget. */
369 gtk_widget_show (button);
372 gtk_widget_show (window);
374 /* All GTK applications must have a gtk_main(). Control ends here
375 * and waits for an event to occur (like a key press or
386 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
387 <sect1 id="sec-Compiling">
388 <title>Compiling Hello World</title>
390 <para>To compile use:</para>
392 <para><literallayout>
393 <literal>gcc -Wall -g helloworld.c -o helloworld `pkg-config --cflags gtk+-2.0` \</literal>
394 <literal> `pkg-config --libs gtk+-2.0`</literal>
395 </literallayout></para>
397 <para>This uses the program <literal>pkg-config</literal>, which can be obtained from
398 <ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org">www.freedesktop.org</ulink>. This program
399 reads the <filename>.pc</filename> which comes with GTK to determine what
400 compiler switches are needed to compile programs that use GTK.
401 <literal>pkg-config --cflags gtk+-2.0</literal> will output a list of include
402 directories for the compiler to look in, and
403 <literal>pkg-config --libs gtk+-2.0</literal>
404 will output the list of libraries for the compiler to link with and
405 the directories to find them in. In the above example they could have
406 been combined into a single instance, such as
407 <literal>pkg-config --cflags --libs gtk+-2.0</literal>.</para>
409 <para>Note that the type of single quote used in the compile command above
410 is significant.</para>
412 <para>The libraries that are usually linked in are:</para>
415 <listitem><simpara>The GTK library (<literal>-lgtk</literal>), the widget library,
416 based on top of GDK.</simpara>
419 <listitem><simpara>The GDK library (<literal>-lgdk</literal>), the Xlib wrapper.</simpara>
422 <listitem><simpara>The gdk-pixbuf library (<literal>-lgdk_pixbuf</literal>), the image
423 manipulation library.</simpara>
426 <listitem><simpara>The Pango library (<literal>-lpango</literal>) for internationalized
430 <listitem><simpara>The gobject library (<literal>-lgobject</literal>), containing the
431 type system on which GTK is based.</simpara>
434 <listitem><simpara>The gmodule library (<literal>-lgmodule</literal>), which is used
435 to load run time extensions.</simpara>
438 <listitem><simpara>The GLib library (<literal>-lglib</literal>), containing miscellaneous
439 functions; only g_print() is used in this particular example. GTK is built on top
440 of GLib so you will always require this library. See the section on
441 <link linkend="ch-glib">GLib</link> for details.</simpara>
444 <listitem><simpara>The Xlib library (<literal>-lX11</literal>) which is used by GDK.</simpara>
447 <listitem><simpara>The Xext library (<literal>-lXext</literal>). This contains code
448 for shared memory pixmaps and other X extensions.</simpara>
451 <listitem><simpara>The math library (<literal>-lm</literal>). This is used by GTK
452 for various purposes.</simpara>
458 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
459 <sect1 id="sec-TheoryOfSignalsAndCallbacks">
460 <title>Theory of Signals and Callbacks</title>
463 <para>In version 2.0, the signal system has been moved from GTK to GLib, therefore the
464 functions and types explained in this section have a "g_" prefix rather than a "gtk_"
465 prefix. We won't go into details about the extensions which the GLib 2.0 signal system
466 has relative to the GTK 1.2 signal system.</para>
469 <para>Before we look in detail at <emphasis>helloworld</emphasis>, we'll discuss signals
470 and callbacks. GTK is an event driven toolkit, which means it will
471 sleep in gtk_main() until an event occurs and control is passed to the
472 appropriate function.</para>
474 <para>This passing of control is done using the idea of "signals". (Note
475 that these signals are not the same as the Unix system signals, and
476 are not implemented using them, although the terminology is almost
477 identical.) When an event occurs, such as the press of a mouse button,
478 the appropriate signal will be "emitted" by the widget that was
479 pressed. This is how GTK does most of its useful work. There are
480 signals that all widgets inherit, such as "destroy", and there are
481 signals that are widget specific, such as "toggled" on a toggle
484 <para>To make a button perform an action, we set up a signal handler to
485 catch these signals and call the appropriate function. This is done by
486 using a function such as:</para>
488 <programlisting role="C">
489 gulong g_signal_connect( gpointer *object,
492 gpointer func_data );
495 <para>where the first argument is the widget which will be emitting the
496 signal, and the second the name of the signal you wish to catch. The
497 third is the function you wish to be called when it is caught, and the
498 fourth, the data you wish to have passed to this function.</para>
500 <para>The function specified in the third argument is called a "callback
501 function", and should generally be of the form</para>
503 <programlisting role="C">
504 void callback_func( GtkWidget *widget,
505 ... /* other signal arguments */
506 gpointer callback_data );
509 <para>where the first argument will be a pointer to the widget that emitted
510 the signal, and the last a pointer to the data given as the last
511 argument to the g_signal_connect() function as shown above.</para>
513 <para>Note that the above form for a signal callback function declaration is
514 only a general guide, as some widget specific signals generate
515 different calling parameters.</para>
517 <para>Another call used in the <emphasis>helloworld</emphasis> example, is:</para>
519 <programlisting role="C">
520 gulong g_signal_connect_swapped( gpointer *object,
523 gpointer *callback_data );
526 <para>g_signal_connect_swapped() is the same as g_signal_connect() except
527 that the instance on which the signal is emitted and data will be swapped when
528 calling the handler. So when using this function to connect signals, the callback
529 should be of the form</para>
531 <programlisting role="C">
532 void callback_func( gpointer callback_data,
533 ... /* other signal arguments */
537 <para>where the object is usually a widget. We usually don't setup callbacks
538 for g_signal_connect_swapped() however. They are usually used to call a
539 GTK function that accepts a single widget or object as an argument, when a signal
540 is emitted on some <emphasis>other</emphasis> object. In the
541 <emphasis>helloworld</emphasis> example, we connect to the "clicked" signal
542 on the button, but call gtk_widget_destroy() on the window.</para>
544 <para>If your callbacks need additional data, use g_signal_connect() instead
545 of g_signal_connect_swapped().</para>
549 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
550 <sect1 id="sec-Events">
551 <title>Events</title>
553 <para>In addition to the signal mechanism described above, there is a set
554 of <emphasis>events</emphasis> that reflect the X event mechanism. Callbacks may
555 also be attached to these events. These events are:</para>
557 <itemizedlist spacing=Compact>
558 <listitem><simpara> event</simpara>
560 <listitem><simpara> button_press_event</simpara>
562 <listitem><simpara> button_release_event</simpara>
564 <listitem><simpara> scroll_event</simpara>
566 <listitem><simpara> motion_notify_event</simpara>
568 <listitem><simpara> delete_event</simpara>
570 <listitem><simpara> destroy_event</simpara>
572 <listitem><simpara> expose_event</simpara>
574 <listitem><simpara> key_press_event</simpara>
576 <listitem><simpara> key_release_event</simpara>
578 <listitem><simpara> enter_notify_event</simpara>
580 <listitem><simpara> leave_notify_event</simpara>
582 <listitem><simpara> configure_event</simpara>
584 <listitem><simpara> focus_in_event</simpara>
586 <listitem><simpara> focus_out_event</simpara>
588 <listitem><simpara> map_event</simpara>
590 <listitem><simpara> unmap_event</simpara>
592 <listitem><simpara> property_notify_event</simpara>
594 <listitem><simpara> selection_clear_event</simpara>
596 <listitem><simpara> selection_request_event</simpara>
598 <listitem><simpara> selection_notify_event</simpara>
600 <listitem><simpara> proximity_in_event</simpara>
602 <listitem><simpara> proximity_out_event</simpara>
604 <listitem><simpara> visibility_notify_event</simpara>
606 <listitem><simpara> client_event</simpara>
608 <listitem><simpara> no_expose_event</simpara>
610 <listitem><simpara> window_state_event</simpara>
614 <para>In order to connect a callback function to one of these events you
615 use the function g_signal_connect(), as described above, using one of
616 the above event names as the <literal>name</literal> parameter. The callback
617 function for events has a slightly different form than that for
620 <programlisting role="C">
621 gint callback_func( GtkWidget *widget,
623 gpointer callback_data );
626 <para>GdkEvent is a C <literal>union</literal> structure whose type will depend upon
627 which of the above events has occurred. In order for us to tell which event
628 has been issued each of the possible alternatives has a <literal>type</literal>
629 member that reflects the event being issued. The other components
630 of the event structure will depend upon the type of the
631 event. Possible values for the type are:</para>
633 <programlisting role="C">
653 GDK_SELECTION_REQUEST
664 GDK_VISIBILITY_NOTIFY
671 <para>So, to connect a callback function to one of these events we would use
672 something like:</para>
674 <programlisting role="C">
675 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "button_press_event",
676 G_CALLBACK (button_press_callback), NULL);
679 <para>This assumes that <literal>button</literal> is a Button widget. Now, when the
680 mouse is over the button and a mouse button is pressed, the function
681 button_press_callback() will be called. This function may be declared as:</para>
683 <programlisting role="C">
684 static gboolean button_press_callback( GtkWidget *widget,
685 GdkEventButton *event,
689 <para>Note that we can declare the second argument as type
690 <literal>GdkEventButton</literal> as we know what type of event will occur for this
691 function to be called.</para>
693 <para>The value returned from this function indicates whether the event
694 should be propagated further by the GTK event handling
695 mechanism. Returning TRUE indicates that the event has been handled,
696 and that it should not propagate further. Returning FALSE continues
697 the normal event handling. See the section on
698 <link linkend="ch-AdvancedEventsAndSignals">Advanced Event and Signal Handling</link>
699 for more details on this propagation process.</para>
701 <para>For details on the GdkEvent data types, see the appendix entitled
702 <link linkend="app-GDKEventTypes">GDK Event Types</link>.</para>
704 <para>The GDK selection and drag-and-drop APIs also emit a number of events which
705 are reflected in GTK by the signals. See <link
706 linkend="sec-SignalsOnSourceWidgets">Signals on the source widget</link> and <link
707 linkend="sec-SignalsOnDestWidgets">Signals on the destination widget</link>
708 for details on the signatures of the callback functions for these signals:</para>
710 <itemizedlist spacing=Compact>
711 <listitem><simpara> selection_received</simpara>
713 <listitem><simpara> selection_get</simpara>
715 <listitem><simpara> drag_begin_event</simpara>
717 <listitem><simpara> drag_end_event</simpara>
719 <listitem><simpara> drag_data_delete</simpara>
721 <listitem><simpara> drag_motion</simpara>
723 <listitem><simpara> drag_drop</simpara>
725 <listitem><simpara> drag_data_get</simpara>
727 <listitem><simpara> drag_data_received</simpara>
733 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
734 <sect1 id="sec-SteppingThroughHelloWorld">
735 <title>Stepping Through Hello World</title>
737 <para>Now that we know the theory behind this, let's clarify by walking
738 through the example <emphasis>helloworld</emphasis> program.</para>
740 <para>Here is the callback function that will be called when the button is
741 "clicked". We ignore both the widget and the data in this example, but
742 it is not hard to do things with them. The next example will use the
743 data argument to tell us which button was pressed.</para>
745 <programlisting role="C">
746 static void hello( GtkWidget *widget,
749 g_print ("Hello World\n");
753 <para>The next callback is a bit special. The "delete_event" occurs when the
754 window manager sends this event to the application. We have a choice
755 here as to what to do about these events. We can ignore them, make
756 some sort of response, or simply quit the application.</para>
758 <para>The value you return in this callback lets GTK know what action to
759 take. By returning TRUE, we let it know that we don't want to have
760 the "destroy" signal emitted, keeping our application running. By
761 returning FALSE, we ask that "destroy" be emitted, which in turn will
762 call our "destroy" signal handler.</para>
765 <programlisting role="C">
766 static gboolean delete_event( GtkWidget *widget,
770 g_print ("delete event occurred\n");
776 <para>Here is another callback function which causes the program to quit by
777 calling gtk_main_quit(). This function tells GTK that it is to exit
778 from gtk_main when control is returned to it.</para>
780 <programlisting role="C">
781 static void destroy( GtkWidget *widget,
788 <para>I assume you know about the main() function... yes, as with other
789 applications, all GTK applications will also have one of these.</para>
791 <programlisting role="C">
797 <para>This next part declares pointers to a structure of type
798 GtkWidget. These are used below to create a window and a button.</para>
800 <programlisting role="C">
805 <para>Here is our gtk_init() again. As before, this initializes the toolkit,
806 and parses the arguments found on the command line. Any argument it
807 recognizes from the command line, it removes from the list, and
808 modifies argc and argv to make it look like they never existed,
809 allowing your application to parse the remaining arguments.</para>
811 <programlisting role="C">
812 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
815 <para>Create a new window. This is fairly straightforward. Memory is
816 allocated for the GtkWidget *window structure so it now points to a
817 valid structure. It sets up a new window, but it is not displayed
818 until we call gtk_widget_show(window) near the end of our program.</para>
820 <programlisting role="C">
821 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
824 <para>Here are two examples of connecting a signal handler to an object, in
825 this case, the window. Here, the "delete_event" and "destroy" signals
826 are caught. The first is emitted when we use the window manager to
827 kill the window, or when we use the gtk_widget_destroy() call passing
828 in the window widget as the object to destroy. The second is emitted
829 when, in the "delete_event" handler, we return FALSE.
831 The <literal>G_OBJECT</literal> and <literal>G_CALLBACK</literal> are macros
832 that perform type casting and checking for us, as well as aid the readability of
835 <programlisting role="C">
836 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "delete_event",
837 G_CALLBACK (delete_event), NULL);
838 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
839 G_CALLBACK (destroy), NULL);
842 <para>This next function is used to set an attribute of a container object.
843 This just sets the window so it has a blank area along the inside of
844 it 10 pixels wide where no widgets will go. There are other similar
845 functions which we will look at in the section on
846 <link linkend="ch-SettingWidgetAttributes">Setting Widget Attributes</link></para>
848 <para>And again, <literal>GTK_CONTAINER</literal> is a macro to perform type casting.</para>
850 <programlisting role="C">
851 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
854 <para>This call creates a new button. It allocates space for a new GtkWidget
855 structure in memory, initializes it, and makes the button pointer
856 point to it. It will have the label "Hello World" on it when
859 <programlisting role="C">
860 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Hello World");
863 <para>Here, we take this button, and make it do something useful. We attach
864 a signal handler to it so when it emits the "clicked" signal, our
865 hello() function is called. The data is ignored, so we simply pass in
866 NULL to the hello() callback function. Obviously, the "clicked" signal
867 is emitted when we click the button with our mouse pointer.</para>
869 <programlisting role="C">
870 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
871 G_CALLBACK (hello), NULL);
874 <para>We are also going to use this button to exit our program. This will
875 illustrate how the "destroy" signal may come from either the window
876 manager, or our program. When the button is "clicked", same as above,
877 it calls the first hello() callback function, and then this one in the
878 order they are set up. You may have as many callback functions as you
879 need, and all will be executed in the order you connected
880 them. Because the gtk_widget_destroy() function accepts only a
881 GtkWidget *widget as an argument, we use the g_signal_connect_swapped()
882 function here instead of straight g_signal_connect().</para>
884 <programlisting role="C">
885 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
886 G_CALLBACK (gtk_widget_destroy),
890 <para>This is a packing call, which will be explained in depth later on in
891 <link linkend="ch-PackingWidgets">Packing Widgets</link>. But it is
892 fairly easy to understand. It simply tells GTK that the button is to
893 be placed in the window where it will be displayed. Note that a GTK
894 container can only contain one widget. There are other widgets, that
895 are described later, which are designed to layout multiple widgets in
899 <programlisting role="C">
900 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), button);
903 <para>Now we have everything set up the way we want it to be. With all the
904 signal handlers in place, and the button placed in the window where it
905 should be, we ask GTK to "show" the widgets on the screen. The window
906 widget is shown last so the whole window will pop up at once rather
907 than seeing the window pop up, and then the button form inside of
908 it. Although with such a simple example, you'd never notice.</para>
910 <programlisting role="C">
911 gtk_widget_show (button);
913 gtk_widget_show (window);
916 <para>And of course, we call gtk_main() which waits for events to come from
917 the X server and will call on the widgets to emit signals when these
920 <programlisting role="C">
924 <para>And the final return. Control returns here after gtk_main_quit() is called.</para>
926 <programlisting role="C">
930 <para>Now, when we click the mouse button on a GTK button, the widget emits
931 a "clicked" signal. In order for us to use this information, our
932 program sets up a signal handler to catch that signal, which
933 dispatches the function of our choice. In our example, when the button
934 we created is "clicked", the hello() function is called with a NULL
935 argument, and then the next handler for this signal is called. This
936 calls the gtk_widget_destroy() function, passing it the window widget
937 as its argument, destroying the window widget. This causes the window
938 to emit the "destroy" signal, which is caught, and calls our destroy()
939 callback function, which simply exits GTK.</para>
941 <para>Another course of events is to use the window manager to kill the
942 window, which will cause the "delete_event" to be emitted. This will
943 call our "delete_event" handler. If we return TRUE here, the window
944 will be left as is and nothing will happen. Returning FALSE will cause
945 GTK to emit the "destroy" signal which of course calls the "destroy"
946 callback, exiting GTK.</para>
951 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
952 <chapter id="ch-MovingOn">
953 <title>Moving On</title>
955 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
956 <sect1 id="sec-DataTypes">
957 <title>Data Types</title>
959 <para>There are a few things you probably noticed in the previous examples
960 that need explaining. The gint, gchar, etc. that you see are typedefs
961 to int and char, respectively, that are part of the GLib system. This
962 is done to get around that nasty dependency on the size of simple data
963 types when doing calculations.</para>
965 <para>A good example is "gint32" which will be typedef'd to a 32 bit integer
966 for any given platform, whether it be the 64 bit alpha, or the 32 bit
967 i386. The typedefs are very straightforward and intuitive. They are
968 all defined in <filename>glib/glib.h</filename> (which gets included from
969 <filename>gtk.h</filename>).</para>
971 <para>You'll also notice GTK's ability to use GtkWidget when the function
972 calls for a GtkObject. GTK is an object oriented design, and a widget
977 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
978 <sect1 id="sec-MoreOnSignalHandlers">
979 <title>More on Signal Handlers</title>
981 <para>Lets take another look at the g_signal_connect() declaration.</para>
983 <programlisting role="C">
984 gulong g_signal_connect( gpointer object,
987 gpointer func_data );
990 <para>Notice the gulong return value? This is a tag that identifies your
991 callback function. As stated above, you may have as many callbacks per
992 signal and per object as you need, and each will be executed in turn,
993 in the order they were attached.</para>
995 <para>This tag allows you to remove this callback from the list by using:</para>
997 <programlisting role="C">
998 void g_signal_handler_disconnect( gpointer object,
1002 <para>So, by passing in the widget you wish to remove the handler from, and
1003 the tag returned by one of the signal_connect functions, you can
1004 disconnect a signal handler.</para>
1006 <para>You can also temporarily disable signal handlers with the
1007 g_signal_handler_block() and g_signal_handler_unblock() family of
1010 <programlisting role="C">
1011 void g_signal_handler_block( gpointer object,
1014 void g_signal_handlers_block_by_func( gpointer object,
1018 void g_signal_handler_unblock( gpointer object,
1021 void g_signal_handlers_unblock_by_func( gpointer object,
1028 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
1029 <sect1 id="sec-AnUpgradedHelloWorld">
1030 <title>An Upgraded Hello World</title>
1032 <para>Let's take a look at a slightly improved <emphasis>helloworld</emphasis> with
1033 better examples of callbacks. This will also introduce us to our next
1034 topic, packing widgets.</para>
1039 <imagedata fileref="images/helloworld2.png" format="png">
1041 </inlinemediaobject>
1044 <programlisting role="C">
1045 <!-- example-start helloworld2 helloworld2.c -->
1047 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
1049 /* Our new improved callback. The data passed to this function
1050 * is printed to stdout. */
1051 static void callback( GtkWidget *widget,
1054 g_print ("Hello again - %s was pressed\n", (gchar *) data);
1057 /* another callback */
1058 static gboolean delete_event( GtkWidget *widget,
1069 /* GtkWidget is the storage type for widgets */
1074 /* This is called in all GTK applications. Arguments are parsed
1075 * from the command line and are returned to the application. */
1076 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
1078 /* Create a new window */
1079 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
1081 /* This is a new call, which just sets the title of our
1082 * new window to "Hello Buttons!" */
1083 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Hello Buttons!");
1085 /* Here we just set a handler for delete_event that immediately
1087 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "delete_event",
1088 G_CALLBACK (delete_event), NULL);
1090 /* Sets the border width of the window. */
1091 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
1093 /* We create a box to pack widgets into. This is described in detail
1094 * in the "packing" section. The box is not really visible, it
1095 * is just used as a tool to arrange widgets. */
1096 box1 = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 0);
1098 /* Put the box into the main window. */
1099 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), box1);
1101 /* Creates a new button with the label "Button 1". */
1102 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Button 1");
1104 /* Now when the button is clicked, we call the "callback" function
1105 * with a pointer to "button 1" as its argument */
1106 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
1107 G_CALLBACK (callback), (gpointer) "button 1");
1109 /* Instead of gtk_container_add, we pack this button into the invisible
1110 * box, which has been packed into the window. */
1111 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX(box1), button, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
1113 /* Always remember this step, this tells GTK that our preparation for
1114 * this button is complete, and it can now be displayed. */
1115 gtk_widget_show (button);
1117 /* Do these same steps again to create a second button */
1118 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Button 2");
1120 /* Call the same callback function with a different argument,
1121 * passing a pointer to "button 2" instead. */
1122 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
1123 G_CALLBACK (callback), (gpointer) "button 2");
1125 gtk_box_pack_start(GTK_BOX (box1), button, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
1127 /* The order in which we show the buttons is not really important, but I
1128 * recommend showing the window last, so it all pops up at once. */
1129 gtk_widget_show (button);
1131 gtk_widget_show (box1);
1133 gtk_widget_show (window);
1135 /* Rest in gtk_main and wait for the fun to begin! */
1140 <!-- example-end -->
1143 <para>Compile this program using the same linking arguments as our first
1144 example. You'll notice this time there is no easy way to exit the
1145 program, you have to use your window manager or command line to kill
1146 it. A good exercise for the reader would be to insert a third "Quit"
1147 button that will exit the program. You may also wish to play with the
1148 options to gtk_box_pack_start() while reading the next section. Try
1149 resizing the window, and observe the behavior.</para>
1154 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
1155 <chapter id="ch-PackingWidgets">
1156 <title>Packing Widgets</title>
1158 <para>When creating an application, you'll want to put more than one widget
1159 inside a window. Our first <emphasis>helloworld</emphasis> example only used one
1160 widget so we could simply use a gtk_container_add() call to "pack" the
1161 widget into the window. But when you want to put more than one widget
1162 into a window, how do you control where that widget is positioned?
1163 This is where packing comes in.</para>
1165 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
1166 <sect1 id="sec-TheoryOfPackingBoxes">
1167 <title>Theory of Packing Boxes</title>
1169 <para>Most packing is done by creating boxes. These
1170 are invisible widget containers that we can pack our widgets into
1171 which come in two forms, a horizontal box, and a vertical box. When
1172 packing widgets into a horizontal box, the objects are inserted
1173 horizontally from left to right or right to left depending on the call
1174 used. In a vertical box, widgets are packed from top to bottom or vice
1175 versa. You may use any combination of boxes inside or beside other
1176 boxes to create the desired effect.</para>
1178 <para>To create a new horizontal box, we use a call to gtk_hbox_new(), and
1179 for vertical boxes, gtk_vbox_new(). The gtk_box_pack_start() and
1180 gtk_box_pack_end() functions are used to place objects inside of these
1181 containers. The gtk_box_pack_start() function will start at the top
1182 and work its way down in a vbox, and pack left to right in an hbox.
1183 gtk_box_pack_end() will do the opposite, packing from bottom to top in
1184 a vbox, and right to left in an hbox. Using these functions allows us
1185 to right justify or left justify our widgets and may be mixed in any
1186 way to achieve the desired effect. We will use gtk_box_pack_start() in
1187 most of our examples. An object may be another container or a
1188 widget. In fact, many widgets are actually containers themselves,
1189 including the button, but we usually only use a label inside a button.</para>
1191 <para>By using these calls, GTK knows where you want to place your widgets
1192 so it can do automatic resizing and other nifty things. There are also
1193 a number of options as to how your widgets should be packed. As you
1194 can imagine, this method gives us a quite a bit of flexibility when
1195 placing and creating widgets.</para>
1199 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
1200 <sect1 id="sec-DetailsOfBoxes">
1201 <title>Details of Boxes</title>
1203 <para>Because of this flexibility, packing boxes in GTK can be confusing at
1204 first. There are a lot of options, and it's not immediately obvious how
1205 they all fit together. In the end, however, there are basically five
1206 different styles.</para>
1211 <imagedata fileref="images/packbox1.png" format="png">
1213 </inlinemediaobject>
1216 <para>Each line contains one horizontal box (hbox) with several buttons. The
1217 call to gtk_box_pack is shorthand for the call to pack each of the
1218 buttons into the hbox. Each of the buttons is packed into the hbox the
1219 same way (i.e., same arguments to the gtk_box_pack_start() function).</para>
1221 <para>This is the declaration of the gtk_box_pack_start() function.</para>
1223 <programlisting role="C">
1224 void gtk_box_pack_start( GtkBox *box,
1231 <para>The first argument is the box you are packing the object into, the
1232 second is the object. The objects will all be buttons for now, so
1233 we'll be packing buttons into boxes.</para>
1235 <para>The expand argument to gtk_box_pack_start() and gtk_box_pack_end()
1236 controls whether the widgets are laid out in the box to fill in all
1237 the extra space in the box so the box is expanded to fill the area
1238 allotted to it (TRUE); or the box is shrunk to just fit the widgets
1239 (FALSE). Setting expand to FALSE will allow you to do right and left
1240 justification of your widgets. Otherwise, they will all expand to fit
1241 into the box, and the same effect could be achieved by using only one
1242 of gtk_box_pack_start() or gtk_box_pack_end().</para>
1244 <para>The fill argument to the gtk_box_pack functions control whether the
1245 extra space is allocated to the objects themselves (TRUE), or as extra
1246 padding in the box around these objects (FALSE). It only has an effect
1247 if the expand argument is also TRUE.</para>
1249 <para>When creating a new box, the function looks like this:</para>
1251 <programlisting role="C">
1252 GtkWidget *gtk_hbox_new ( gboolean homogeneous,
1256 <para>The homogeneous argument to gtk_hbox_new() (and the same for
1257 gtk_vbox_new()) controls whether each object in the box has the same
1258 size (i.e., the same width in an hbox, or the same height in a
1259 vbox). If it is set, the gtk_box_pack() routines function essentially
1260 as if the <literal>expand</literal> argument was always turned on.</para>
1262 <para>What's the difference between spacing (set when the box is created)
1263 and padding (set when elements are packed)? Spacing is added between
1264 objects, and padding is added on either side of an object. The
1265 following figure should make it clearer:</para>
1270 <imagedata fileref="images/packbox2.png" format="png">
1272 </inlinemediaobject>
1275 <para>Here is the code used to create the above images. I've commented it
1276 fairly heavily so I hope you won't have any problems following
1277 it. Compile it yourself and play with it.</para>
1281 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
1282 <sect1 id="sec-PackingDemonstrationProgram">
1283 <title>Packing Demonstration Program</title>
1285 <programlisting role="C">
1286 /* example-start packbox packbox.c */
1288 #include <stdio.h>
1289 #include <stdlib.h>
1290 #include "gtk/gtk.h"
1292 static gboolean delete_event( GtkWidget *widget,
1300 /* Make a new hbox filled with button-labels. Arguments for the
1301 * variables we're interested are passed in to this function.
1302 * We do not show the box, but do show everything inside. */
1303 static GtkWidget *make_box( gboolean homogeneous,
1313 /* Create a new hbox with the appropriate homogeneous
1314 * and spacing settings */
1315 box = gtk_hbox_new (homogeneous, spacing);
1317 /* Create a series of buttons with the appropriate settings */
1318 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("gtk_box_pack");
1319 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), button, expand, fill, padding);
1320 gtk_widget_show (button);
1322 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("(box,");
1323 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), button, expand, fill, padding);
1324 gtk_widget_show (button);
1326 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("button,");
1327 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), button, expand, fill, padding);
1328 gtk_widget_show (button);
1330 /* Create a button with the label depending on the value of
1333 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("TRUE,");
1335 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("FALSE,");
1337 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), button, expand, fill, padding);
1338 gtk_widget_show (button);
1340 /* This is the same as the button creation for "expand"
1341 * above, but uses the shorthand form. */
1342 button = gtk_button_new_with_label (fill ? "TRUE," : "FALSE,");
1343 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), button, expand, fill, padding);
1344 gtk_widget_show (button);
1346 sprintf (padstr, "%d);", padding);
1348 button = gtk_button_new_with_label (padstr);
1349 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), button, expand, fill, padding);
1350 gtk_widget_show (button);
1362 GtkWidget *separator;
1367 /* Our init, don't forget this! :) */
1368 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
1371 fprintf (stderr, "usage: packbox num, where num is 1, 2, or 3.\n");
1372 /* This just does cleanup in GTK and exits with an exit status of 1. */
1376 which = atoi (argv[1]);
1378 /* Create our window */
1379 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
1381 /* You should always remember to connect the delete_event signal
1382 * to the main window. This is very important for proper intuitive
1384 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "delete_event",
1385 G_CALLBACK (delete_event), NULL);
1386 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
1388 /* We create a vertical box (vbox) to pack the horizontal boxes into.
1389 * This allows us to stack the horizontal boxes filled with buttons one
1390 * on top of the other in this vbox. */
1391 box1 = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);
1393 /* which example to show. These correspond to the pictures above. */
1396 /* create a new label. */
1397 label = gtk_label_new ("gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 0);");
1399 /* Align the label to the left side. We'll discuss this function and
1400 * others in the section on Widget Attributes. */
1401 gtk_misc_set_alignment (GTK_MISC (label), 0, 0);
1403 /* Pack the label into the vertical box (vbox box1). Remember that
1404 * widgets added to a vbox will be packed one on top of the other in
1406 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), label, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
1408 /* Show the label */
1409 gtk_widget_show (label);
1411 /* Call our make box function - homogeneous = FALSE, spacing = 0,
1412 * expand = FALSE, fill = FALSE, padding = 0 */
1413 box2 = make_box (FALSE, 0, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
1414 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
1415 gtk_widget_show (box2);
1417 /* Call our make box function - homogeneous = FALSE, spacing = 0,
1418 * expand = TRUE, fill = FALSE, padding = 0 */
1419 box2 = make_box (FALSE, 0, TRUE, FALSE, 0);
1420 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
1421 gtk_widget_show (box2);
1423 /* Args are: homogeneous, spacing, expand, fill, padding */
1424 box2 = make_box (FALSE, 0, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
1425 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
1426 gtk_widget_show (box2);
1428 /* Creates a separator, we'll learn more about these later,
1429 * but they are quite simple. */
1430 separator = gtk_hseparator_new ();
1432 /* Pack the separator into the vbox. Remember each of these
1433 * widgets is being packed into a vbox, so they'll be stacked
1435 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), separator, FALSE, TRUE, 5);
1436 gtk_widget_show (separator);
1438 /* Create another new label, and show it. */
1439 label = gtk_label_new ("gtk_hbox_new (TRUE, 0);");
1440 gtk_misc_set_alignment (GTK_MISC (label), 0, 0);
1441 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), label, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
1442 gtk_widget_show (label);
1444 /* Args are: homogeneous, spacing, expand, fill, padding */
1445 box2 = make_box (TRUE, 0, TRUE, FALSE, 0);
1446 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
1447 gtk_widget_show (box2);
1449 /* Args are: homogeneous, spacing, expand, fill, padding */
1450 box2 = make_box (TRUE, 0, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
1451 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
1452 gtk_widget_show (box2);
1454 /* Another new separator. */
1455 separator = gtk_hseparator_new ();
1456 /* The last 3 arguments to gtk_box_pack_start are:
1457 * expand, fill, padding. */
1458 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), separator, FALSE, TRUE, 5);
1459 gtk_widget_show (separator);
1465 /* Create a new label, remember box1 is a vbox as created
1466 * near the beginning of main() */
1467 label = gtk_label_new ("gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 10);");
1468 gtk_misc_set_alignment (GTK_MISC (label), 0, 0);
1469 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), label, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
1470 gtk_widget_show (label);
1472 /* Args are: homogeneous, spacing, expand, fill, padding */
1473 box2 = make_box (FALSE, 10, TRUE, FALSE, 0);
1474 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
1475 gtk_widget_show (box2);
1477 /* Args are: homogeneous, spacing, expand, fill, padding */
1478 box2 = make_box (FALSE, 10, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
1479 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
1480 gtk_widget_show (box2);
1482 separator = gtk_hseparator_new ();
1483 /* The last 3 arguments to gtk_box_pack_start are:
1484 * expand, fill, padding. */
1485 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), separator, FALSE, TRUE, 5);
1486 gtk_widget_show (separator);
1488 label = gtk_label_new ("gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 0);");
1489 gtk_misc_set_alignment (GTK_MISC (label), 0, 0);
1490 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), label, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
1491 gtk_widget_show (label);
1493 /* Args are: homogeneous, spacing, expand, fill, padding */
1494 box2 = make_box (FALSE, 0, TRUE, FALSE, 10);
1495 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
1496 gtk_widget_show (box2);
1498 /* Args are: homogeneous, spacing, expand, fill, padding */
1499 box2 = make_box (FALSE, 0, TRUE, TRUE, 10);
1500 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
1501 gtk_widget_show (box2);
1503 separator = gtk_hseparator_new ();
1504 /* The last 3 arguments to gtk_box_pack_start are: expand, fill, padding. */
1505 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), separator, FALSE, TRUE, 5);
1506 gtk_widget_show (separator);
1511 /* This demonstrates the ability to use gtk_box_pack_end() to
1512 * right justify widgets. First, we create a new box as before. */
1513 box2 = make_box (FALSE, 0, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
1515 /* Create the label that will be put at the end. */
1516 label = gtk_label_new ("end");
1517 /* Pack it using gtk_box_pack_end(), so it is put on the right
1518 * side of the hbox created in the make_box() call. */
1519 gtk_box_pack_end (GTK_BOX (box2), label, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
1520 /* Show the label. */
1521 gtk_widget_show (label);
1523 /* Pack box2 into box1 (the vbox remember ? :) */
1524 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
1525 gtk_widget_show (box2);
1527 /* A separator for the bottom. */
1528 separator = gtk_hseparator_new ();
1529 /* This explicitly sets the separator to 400 pixels wide by 5 pixels
1530 * high. This is so the hbox we created will also be 400 pixels wide,
1531 * and the "end" label will be separated from the other labels in the
1532 * hbox. Otherwise, all the widgets in the hbox would be packed as
1533 * close together as possible. */
1534 gtk_widget_set_size_request (separator, 400, 5);
1535 /* pack the separator into the vbox (box1) created near the start
1537 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), separator, FALSE, TRUE, 5);
1538 gtk_widget_show (separator);
1541 /* Create another new hbox.. remember we can use as many as we need! */
1542 quitbox = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 0);
1544 /* Our quit button. */
1545 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Quit");
1547 /* Setup the signal to terminate the program when the button is clicked */
1548 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
1549 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit),
1551 /* Pack the button into the quitbox.
1552 * The last 3 arguments to gtk_box_pack_start are:
1553 * expand, fill, padding. */
1554 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (quitbox), button, TRUE, FALSE, 0);
1555 /* pack the quitbox into the vbox (box1) */
1556 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), quitbox, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
1558 /* Pack the vbox (box1) which now contains all our widgets, into the
1560 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), box1);
1562 /* And show everything left */
1563 gtk_widget_show (button);
1564 gtk_widget_show (quitbox);
1566 gtk_widget_show (box1);
1567 /* Showing the window last so everything pops up at once. */
1568 gtk_widget_show (window);
1570 /* And of course, our main function. */
1573 /* Control returns here when gtk_main_quit() is called, but not when
1574 * exit() is used. */
1578 <!-- example-end -->
1583 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
1584 <sect1 id="sec-PackingUsingTables">
1585 <title>Packing Using Tables</title>
1587 <para>Let's take a look at another way of packing - Tables. These can be
1588 extremely useful in certain situations.</para>
1590 <para>Using tables, we create a grid that we can place widgets in. The
1591 widgets may take up as many spaces as we specify.</para>
1593 <para>The first thing to look at, of course, is the gtk_table_new() function:</para>
1595 <programlisting role="C">
1596 GtkWidget *gtk_table_new( guint rows,
1598 gboolean homogeneous );
1601 <para>The first argument is the number of rows to make in the table, while
1602 the second, obviously, is the number of columns.</para>
1604 <para>The homogeneous argument has to do with how the table's boxes are
1605 sized. If homogeneous is TRUE, the table boxes are resized to the size
1606 of the largest widget in the table. If homogeneous is FALSE, the size
1607 of a table boxes is dictated by the tallest widget in its same row,
1608 and the widest widget in its column.</para>
1610 <para>The rows and columns are laid out from 0 to n, where n was the number
1611 specified in the call to gtk_table_new. So, if you specify rows = 2
1612 and columns = 2, the layout would look something like this:</para>
1614 <programlisting role="C">
1616 0+----------+----------+
1618 1+----------+----------+
1620 2+----------+----------+
1623 <para>Note that the coordinate system starts in the upper left hand corner.
1624 To place a widget into a box, use the following function:</para>
1626 <programlisting role="C">
1627 void gtk_table_attach( GtkTable *table,
1632 guint bottom_attach,
1633 GtkAttachOptions xoptions,
1634 GtkAttachOptions yoptions,
1639 <para>The first argument ("table") is the table you've created and the
1640 second ("child") the widget you wish to place in the table.</para>
1642 <para>The left and right attach arguments specify where to place the widget,
1643 and how many boxes to use. If you want a button in the lower right
1644 table entry of our 2x2 table, and want it to fill that entry <emphasis>only</emphasis>,
1645 left_attach would be = 1, right_attach = 2, top_attach = 1,
1646 bottom_attach = 2.</para>
1648 <para>Now, if you wanted a widget to take up the whole top row of our 2x2
1649 table, you'd use left_attach = 0, right_attach = 2, top_attach = 0,
1650 bottom_attach = 1.</para>
1652 <para>The xoptions and yoptions are used to specify packing options and may
1653 be bitwise OR'ed together to allow multiple options.</para>
1655 <para>These options are:</para>
1659 <term><literal>GTK_FILL</literal></term>
1660 <listitem><para>If the table box is larger than the widget, and
1661 <literal>GTK_FILL</literal> is specified, the widget will expand to use all the room
1667 <term><literal>GTK_SHRINK</literal></term>
1668 <listitem><para>If the table widget was allocated less space
1669 then was requested (usually by the user resizing the window), then the
1670 widgets would normally just be pushed off the bottom of the window and
1671 disappear. If <literal>GTK_SHRINK</literal> is specified, the widgets will shrink
1672 with the table.</para>
1677 <term><literal>GTK_EXPAND</literal></term>
1678 <listitem><para>This will cause the table to expand to use up
1679 any remaining space in the window.</para>
1684 <para>Padding is just like in boxes, creating a clear area around the widget
1685 specified in pixels.</para>
1687 <para>gtk_table_attach() has a <emphasis>lot</emphasis> of options.
1688 So, there's a shortcut:</para>
1690 <programlisting role="C">
1691 void gtk_table_attach_defaults( GtkTable *table,
1696 guint bottom_attach );
1699 <para>The X and Y options default to <literal>GTK_FILL | GTK_EXPAND</literal>,
1700 and X and Y padding are set to 0. The rest of the arguments are identical to the
1701 previous function.</para>
1703 <para>We also have gtk_table_set_row_spacing() and
1704 gtk_table_set_col_spacing(). These places spacing between the rows at
1705 the specified row or column.</para>
1707 <programlisting role="C">
1708 void gtk_table_set_row_spacing( GtkTable *table,
1715 <programlisting role="C">
1716 void gtk_table_set_col_spacing ( GtkTable *table,
1721 <para>Note that for columns, the space goes to the right of the column, and
1722 for rows, the space goes below the row.</para>
1724 <para>You can also set a consistent spacing of all rows and/or columns with:</para>
1726 <programlisting role="C">
1727 void gtk_table_set_row_spacings( GtkTable *table,
1733 <programlisting role="C">
1734 void gtk_table_set_col_spacings( GtkTable *table,
1738 <para>Note that with these calls, the last row and last column do not get
1743 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
1744 <sect1 id="sec-TablePackingExamples">
1745 <title>Table Packing Example</title>
1747 <para>Here we make a window with three buttons in a 2x2 table.
1748 The first two buttons will be placed in the upper row.
1749 A third, quit button, is placed in the lower row, spanning both columns.
1750 Which means it should look something like this:</para>
1755 <imagedata fileref="images/table.png" format="png">
1757 </inlinemediaobject>
1760 <para>Here's the source code:</para>
1762 <programlisting role="C">
1763 <!-- example-start table table.c -->
1765 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
1768 * The data passed to this function is printed to stdout */
1769 static void callback( GtkWidget *widget,
1772 g_print ("Hello again - %s was pressed\n", (char *) data);
1775 /* This callback quits the program */
1776 static gboolean delete_event( GtkWidget *widget,
1791 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
1793 /* Create a new window */
1794 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
1796 /* Set the window title */
1797 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Table");
1799 /* Set a handler for delete_event that immediately
1801 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "delete_event",
1802 G_CALLBACK (delete_event), NULL);
1804 /* Sets the border width of the window. */
1805 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 20);
1807 /* Create a 2x2 table */
1808 table = gtk_table_new (2, 2, TRUE);
1810 /* Put the table in the main window */
1811 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), table);
1813 /* Create first button */
1814 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("button 1");
1816 /* When the button is clicked, we call the "callback" function
1817 * with a pointer to "button 1" as its argument */
1818 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
1819 G_CALLBACK (callback), (gpointer) "button 1");
1822 /* Insert button 1 into the upper left quadrant of the table */
1823 gtk_table_attach_defaults (GTK_TABLE (table), button, 0, 1, 0, 1);
1825 gtk_widget_show (button);
1827 /* Create second button */
1829 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("button 2");
1831 /* When the button is clicked, we call the "callback" function
1832 * with a pointer to "button 2" as its argument */
1833 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
1834 G_CALLBACK (callback), (gpointer) "button 2");
1835 /* Insert button 2 into the upper right quadrant of the table */
1836 gtk_table_attach_defaults (GTK_TABLE (table), button, 1, 2, 0, 1);
1838 gtk_widget_show (button);
1840 /* Create "Quit" button */
1841 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Quit");
1843 /* When the button is clicked, we call the "delete_event" function
1844 * and the program exits */
1845 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
1846 G_CALLBACK (delete_event), NULL);
1848 /* Insert the quit button into the both
1849 * lower quadrants of the table */
1850 gtk_table_attach_defaults (GTK_TABLE (table), button, 0, 2, 1, 2);
1852 gtk_widget_show (button);
1854 gtk_widget_show (table);
1855 gtk_widget_show (window);
1861 <!-- example-end -->
1867 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
1868 <chapter id="ch-WidgetOverview">
1869 <title>Widget Overview</title>
1871 <para>The general steps to creating a widget in GTK are:</para>
1873 <listitem><simpara> gtk_*_new() - one of various functions to create a new widget.
1874 These are all detailed in this section.</simpara>
1877 <listitem><simpara> Connect all signals and events we wish to use to the
1878 appropriate handlers.</simpara>
1881 <listitem><simpara> Set the attributes of the widget.</simpara>
1884 <listitem><simpara> Pack the widget into a container using the appropriate call
1885 such as gtk_container_add() or gtk_box_pack_start().</simpara>
1888 <listitem><simpara> gtk_widget_show() the widget.</simpara>
1892 <para>gtk_widget_show() lets GTK know that we are done setting the
1893 attributes of the widget, and it is ready to be displayed. You may
1894 also use gtk_widget_hide to make it disappear again. The order in
1895 which you show the widgets is not important, but I suggest showing the
1896 window last so the whole window pops up at once rather than seeing the
1897 individual widgets come up on the screen as they're formed. The
1898 children of a widget (a window is a widget too) will not be displayed
1899 until the window itself is shown using the gtk_widget_show() function.</para>
1901 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
1902 <sect1 id="sec-Casting">
1903 <title>Casting</title>
1905 <para>You'll notice as you go on that GTK uses a type casting system. This
1906 is always done using macros that both test the ability to cast the
1907 given item, and perform the cast. Some common ones you will see are:</para>
1909 <programlisting role="C">
1913 GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (function)
1914 GTK_CONTAINER (container)
1919 <para>These are all used to cast arguments in functions. You'll see them in the
1920 examples, and can usually tell when to use them simply by looking at the
1921 function's declaration.</para>
1923 <para>As you can see below in the class hierarchy, all GtkWidgets are
1924 derived from the GObject base class. This means you can use a widget
1925 in any place the function asks for an object - simply use the
1926 <literal>G_OBJECT()</literal> macro.</para>
1928 <para>For example:</para>
1930 <programlisting role="C">
1931 g_signal_connect( G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
1932 G_CALLBACK (callback_function), callback_data);
1935 <para>This casts the button into an object, and provides a cast for the
1936 function pointer to the callback.</para>
1938 <para>Many widgets are also containers. If you look in the class hierarchy
1939 below, you'll notice that many widgets derive from the Container
1940 class. Any one of these widgets may be used with the
1941 <literal>GTK_CONTAINER</literal> macro to pass them to functions that ask for
1944 <para>Unfortunately, these macros are not extensively covered in the
1945 tutorial, but I recommend taking a look through the GTK header
1946 files or the GTK API reference manual. It can be very educational. In fact,
1947 it's not difficult to learn how a widget works just by looking at the
1948 function declarations.</para>
1952 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
1953 <sect1 id="sec-WidgetHierarchy">
1954 <title>Widget Hierarchy</title>
1956 <para>For your reference, here is the class hierarchy tree used to implement
1957 widgets. (Deprecated widgets and auxiliary classes have been omitted.)</para>
1959 <programlisting role="C">
1966 | | | `GtkAccelLabel
1973 | | | | `GtkAspectFrame
1975 | | | | +GtkToggleButton
1976 | | | | | `GtkCheckButton
1977 | | | | | `GtkRadioButton
1978 | | | | `GtkOptionMenu
1980 | | | | +GtkMenuItem
1981 | | | | +GtkCheckMenuItem
1982 | | | | | `GtkRadioMenuItem
1983 | | | | +GtkImageMenuItem
1984 | | | | +GtkSeparatorMenuItem
1985 | | | | `GtkTearoffMenuItem
1988 | | | | | +GtkColorSelectionDialog
1989 | | | | | +GtkFileSelection
1990 | | | | | +GtkFontSelectionDialog
1991 | | | | | +GtkInputDialog
1992 | | | | | `GtkMessageDialog
1996 | | | +GtkScrolledWindow
2000 | | | | +GtkHButtonBox
2001 | | | | `GtkVButtonBox
2003 | | | | +GtkColorSelection
2004 | | | | +GtkFontSelection
2005 | | | | `GtkGammaCurve
2047 | +GtkCellRendererPixbuf
2048 | +GtkCellRendererText
2049 | +GtkCellRendererToggle
2057 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
2058 <sect1 id="sec-WidgetsWithoutWindows">
2059 <title>Widgets Without Windows</title>
2061 <para>The following widgets do not have an associated window. If you want to
2062 capture events, you'll have to use the EventBox. See the section on
2063 the <link linkend="sec-EventBox">EventBox</link> widget.</para>
2065 <programlisting role="C">
2092 <para>We'll further our exploration of GTK by examining each widget in turn,
2093 creating a few simple functions to display them. Another good source
2094 is the <literal>testgtk</literal> program that comes with GTK. It can be found in
2095 <filename>tests/testgtk.c</filename>.</para>
2100 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
2101 <chapter id="ch-ButtonWidget">
2102 <title>The Button Widget</title>
2104 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
2105 <sect1 id="sec-NormalButtons">
2106 <title>Normal Buttons</title>
2108 <para>We've almost seen all there is to see of the button widget. It's
2109 pretty simple. There is however more than one way to create a button. You can
2110 use the gtk_button_new_with_label() or gtk_button_new_with_mnemonic() to create
2111 a button with a label, use gtk_button_new_from_stock() to create a button
2112 containing the image and text from a stock item or use gtk_button_new() to
2113 create a blank button. It's then up to you to pack a label or pixmap into
2114 this new button. To do this, create a new box, and then pack your objects into
2115 this box using the usual gtk_box_pack_start(), and then use gtk_container_add()
2116 to pack the box into the button.</para>
2118 <para>Here's an example of using gtk_button_new() to create a button with a
2119 image and a label in it. I've broken up the code to create a box from the rest
2120 so you can use it in your programs. There are further examples of using images
2121 later in the tutorial.</para>
2126 <imagedata fileref="images/buttons.png" format="png">
2128 </inlinemediaobject>
2131 <programlisting role="C">
2132 <!-- example-start buttons buttons.c -->
2134 #include <stdlib.h>
2135 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
2137 /* Create a new hbox with an image and a label packed into it
2138 * and return the box. */
2140 static GtkWidget *xpm_label_box( gchar *xpm_filename,
2147 /* Create box for image and label */
2148 box = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 0);
2149 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (box), 2);
2151 /* Now on to the image stuff */
2152 image = gtk_image_new_from_file (xpm_filename);
2154 /* Create a label for the button */
2155 label = gtk_label_new (label_text);
2157 /* Pack the image and label into the box */
2158 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), image, FALSE, FALSE, 3);
2159 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), label, FALSE, FALSE, 3);
2161 gtk_widget_show (image);
2162 gtk_widget_show (label);
2167 /* Our usual callback function */
2168 static void callback( GtkWidget *widget,
2171 g_print ("Hello again - %s was pressed\n", (char *) data);
2177 /* GtkWidget is the storage type for widgets */
2182 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
2184 /* Create a new window */
2185 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
2187 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Pixmap'd Buttons!");
2189 /* It's a good idea to do this for all windows. */
2190 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
2191 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL);
2193 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "delete_event",
2194 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL);
2196 /* Sets the border width of the window. */
2197 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
2199 /* Create a new button */
2200 button = gtk_button_new ();
2202 /* Connect the "clicked" signal of the button to our callback */
2203 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
2204 G_CALLBACK (callback), (gpointer) "cool button");
2206 /* This calls our box creating function */
2207 box = xpm_label_box ("info.xpm", "cool button");
2209 /* Pack and show all our widgets */
2210 gtk_widget_show (box);
2212 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (button), box);
2214 gtk_widget_show (button);
2216 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), button);
2218 gtk_widget_show (window);
2220 /* Rest in gtk_main and wait for the fun to begin! */
2225 <!-- example-end -->
2228 <para>The xpm_label_box() function could be used to pack images and labels into
2229 any widget that can be a container.</para>
2231 <para>The Button widget has the following signals:</para>
2234 <listitem><simpara><literal>pressed</literal> - emitted when pointer button is pressed within
2235 Button widget</simpara>
2237 <listitem><simpara><literal>released</literal> - emitted when pointer button is released within
2238 Button widget</simpara>
2240 <listitem><simpara><literal>clicked</literal> - emitted when pointer button is pressed and then
2241 released within Button widget</simpara>
2243 <listitem><simpara><literal>enter</literal> - emitted when pointer enters Button widget</simpara>
2245 <listitem><simpara><literal>leave</literal> - emitted when pointer leaves Button widget</simpara>
2251 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
2252 <sect1 id="sec-ToggleButtons">
2253 <title>Toggle Buttons</title>
2255 <para>Toggle buttons are derived from normal buttons and are very similar,
2256 except they will always be in one of two states, alternated by a
2257 click. They may be depressed, and when you click again, they will pop
2258 back up. Click again, and they will pop back down.</para>
2260 <para>Toggle buttons are the basis for check buttons and radio buttons, as
2261 such, many of the calls used for toggle buttons are inherited by radio
2262 and check buttons. I will point these out when we come to them.</para>
2264 <para>Creating a new toggle button:</para>
2266 <programlisting role="C">
2267 GtkWidget *gtk_toggle_button_new( void );
2269 GtkWidget *gtk_toggle_button_new_with_label( const gchar *label );
2271 GtkWidget *gtk_toggle_button_new_with_mnemonic( const gchar *label );
2274 <para>As you can imagine, these work identically to the normal button widget
2275 calls. The first creates a blank toggle button, and the last two, a
2276 button with a label widget already packed into it. The _mnemonic() variant
2277 additionally parses the label for '_'-prefixed mnemonic characters.</para>
2279 <para>To retrieve the state of the toggle widget, including radio and check
2280 buttons, we use a construct as shown in our example below. This tests
2281 the state of the toggle button, by accessing the <literal>active</literal> field of the
2282 toggle widget's structure, after first using the
2283 <literal>GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON</literal> macro to cast the widget pointer into a toggle
2284 widget pointer. The signal of interest to us emitted by toggle
2285 buttons (the toggle button, check button, and radio button widgets) is
2286 the "toggled" signal. To check the state of these buttons, set up a
2287 signal handler to catch the toggled signal, and access the structure
2288 to determine its state. The callback will look something like:</para>
2290 <programlisting role="C">
2291 void toggle_button_callback (GtkWidget *widget, gpointer data)
2293 if (gtk_toggle_button_get_active (GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (widget)))
2295 /* If control reaches here, the toggle button is down */
2299 /* If control reaches here, the toggle button is up */
2304 <para>To force the state of a toggle button, and its children, the radio and
2305 check buttons, use this function:</para>
2307 <programlisting role="C">
2308 void gtk_toggle_button_set_active( GtkToggleButton *toggle_button,
2309 gboolean is_active );
2312 <para>The above call can be used to set the state of the toggle button, and
2313 its children the radio and check buttons. Passing in your created
2314 button as the first argument, and a TRUE or FALSE for the second state
2315 argument to specify whether it should be down (depressed) or up
2316 (released). Default is up, or FALSE.</para>
2318 <para>Note that when you use the gtk_toggle_button_set_active() function, and
2319 the state is actually changed, it causes the "clicked" and "toggled"
2320 signals to be emitted from the button.</para>
2322 <programlisting role="C">
2323 gboolean gtk_toggle_button_get_active (GtkToggleButton *toggle_button);
2326 <para>This returns the current state of the toggle button as a boolean
2327 TRUE/FALSE value.</para>
2331 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
2332 <sect1 id="sec-CheckButtons">
2333 <title>Check Buttons</title>
2335 <para>Check buttons inherit many properties and functions from the the
2336 toggle buttons above, but look a little different. Rather than being
2337 buttons with text inside them, they are small squares with the text to
2338 the right of them. These are often used for toggling options on and
2339 off in applications.</para>
2341 <para>The creation functions are similar to those of the normal button.</para>
2343 <programlisting role="C">
2344 GtkWidget *gtk_check_button_new( void );
2346 GtkWidget *gtk_check_button_new_with_label ( const gchar *label );
2348 GtkWidget *gtk_check_button_new_with_mnemonic ( const gchar *label );
2351 <para>The gtk_check_button_new_with_label() function creates a check button
2352 with a label beside it.</para>
2354 <para>Checking the state of the check button is identical to that of the
2355 toggle button.</para>
2359 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
2360 <sect1 id="sec-RadioButtons">
2361 <title>Radio Buttons</title>
2363 <para>Radio buttons are similar to check buttons except they are grouped so
2364 that only one may be selected/depressed at a time. This is good for
2365 places in your application where you need to select from a short list
2368 <para>Creating a new radio button is done with one of these calls:</para>
2370 <programlisting role="C">
2371 GtkWidget *gtk_radio_button_new( GSList *group );
2373 GtkWidget *gtk_radio_button_new_from_widget( GtkRadioButton *group );
2375 GtkWidget *gtk_radio_button_new_with_label( GSList *group,
2376 const gchar *label );
2378 GtkWidget* gtk_radio_button_new_with_label_from_widget( GtkRadioButton *group,
2379 const gchar *label );
2381 GtkWidget *gtk_radio_button_new_with_mnemonic( GSList *group,
2382 const gchar *label );
2384 GtkWidget *gtk_radio_button_new_with_mnemonic_from_widget( GtkRadioButton *group,
2385 const gchar *label );
2389 <para>You'll notice the extra argument to these calls. They require a group
2390 to perform their duty properly. The first call to gtk_radio_button_new() or
2391 gtk_radio_button_new_with_label() should pass NULL as the first argument.
2392 Then create a group using:</para>
2394 <programlisting role="C">
2395 GSList *gtk_radio_button_get_group( GtkRadioButton *radio_button );
2398 <para>The important thing to remember is that gtk_radio_button_get_group() must be
2399 called for each new button added to the group, with the previous button passed
2400 in as an argument. The result is then passed into the next call to
2401 gtk_radio_button_new() or gtk_radio_button_new_with_label(). This allows a
2402 chain of buttons to be established. The example below should make this clear.</para>
2404 <para>You can shorten this slightly by using the following syntax, which
2405 removes the need for a variable to hold the list of buttons:</para>
2407 <programlisting role="C">
2408 button2 = gtk_radio_button_new_with_label(
2409 gtk_radio_button_get_group (GTK_RADIO_BUTTON (button1)),
2414 The _from_widget() variants of the creation functions allow you to shorten this
2415 further, by omitting the gtk_radio_button_get_group() call. This form is used
2416 in the example to create the third button:
2419 <programlisting role="C">
2420 button2 = gtk_radio_button_new_with_label_from_widget(
2421 GTK_RADIO_BUTTON (button1),
2425 <para>It is also a good idea to explicitly set which button should be the
2426 default depressed button with:</para>
2428 <programlisting role="C">
2429 void gtk_toggle_button_set_active( GtkToggleButton *toggle_button,
2433 <para>This is described in the section on toggle buttons, and works in
2434 exactly the same way. Once the radio buttons are grouped together,
2435 only one of the group may be active at a time. If the user clicks on
2436 one radio button, and then on another, the first radio button will
2437 first emit a "toggled" signal (to report becoming inactive), and then
2438 the second will emit its "toggled" signal (to report becoming active).</para>
2440 <para>The following example creates a radio button group with three buttons.</para>
2445 <imagedata fileref="images/radiobuttons.png" format="png">
2447 </inlinemediaobject>
2450 <programlisting role="C">
2451 <!-- example-start radiobuttons radiobuttons.c -->
2453 #include <glib.h>
2454 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
2456 static gboolean close_application( GtkWidget *widget,
2467 GtkWidget *window = NULL;
2471 GtkWidget *separator;
2474 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
2476 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
2478 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "delete_event",
2479 G_CALLBACK (close_application),
2482 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "radio buttons");
2483 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 0);
2485 box1 = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);
2486 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), box1);
2487 gtk_widget_show (box1);
2489 box2 = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 10);
2490 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (box2), 10);
2491 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
2492 gtk_widget_show (box2);
2494 button = gtk_radio_button_new_with_label (NULL, "button1");
2495 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box2), button, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
2496 gtk_widget_show (button);
2498 group = gtk_radio_button_get_group (GTK_RADIO_BUTTON (button));
2499 button = gtk_radio_button_new_with_label (group, "button2");
2500 gtk_toggle_button_set_active (GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (button), TRUE);
2501 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box2), button, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
2502 gtk_widget_show (button);
2504 button = gtk_radio_button_new_with_label_from_widget (GTK_RADIO_BUTTON (button),
2506 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box2), button, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
2507 gtk_widget_show (button);
2509 separator = gtk_hseparator_new ();
2510 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), separator, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
2511 gtk_widget_show (separator);
2513 box2 = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 10);
2514 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (box2), 10);
2515 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
2516 gtk_widget_show (box2);
2518 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("close");
2519 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
2520 G_CALLBACK (close_application),
2522 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box2), button, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
2523 GTK_WIDGET_SET_FLAGS (button, GTK_CAN_DEFAULT);
2524 gtk_widget_grab_default (button);
2525 gtk_widget_show (button);
2526 gtk_widget_show (window);
2532 <!-- example-end -->
2538 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
2539 <chapter id="ch-Adjustments">
2540 <title>Adjustments</title>
2542 <para>GTK has various widgets that can be visually adjusted by the user
2543 using the mouse or the keyboard, such as the range widgets, described
2544 in the <link linkend="ch-RangeWidgets">Range Widgets</link>
2545 section. There are also a few widgets that display some adjustable
2546 portion of a larger area of data, such as the text widget and the
2547 viewport widget.</para>
2549 <para>Obviously, an application needs to be able to react to changes the
2550 user makes in range widgets. One way to do this would be to have each
2551 widget emit its own type of signal when its adjustment changes, and
2552 either pass the new value to the signal handler, or require it to look
2553 inside the widget's data structure in order to ascertain the value.
2554 But you may also want to connect the adjustments of several widgets
2555 together, so that adjusting one adjusts the others. The most obvious
2556 example of this is connecting a scrollbar to a panning viewport or a
2557 scrolling text area. If each widget has its own way of setting or
2558 getting the adjustment value, then the programmer may have to write
2559 their own signal handlers to translate between the output of one
2560 widget's signal and the "input" of another's adjustment setting
2563 <para>GTK solves this problem using the Adjustment object, which is not a
2564 widget but a way for widgets to store and pass adjustment information
2565 in an abstract and flexible form. The most obvious use of Adjustment
2566 is to store the configuration parameters and values of range widgets,
2567 such as scrollbars and scale controls. However, since Adjustments are
2568 derived from Object, they have some special powers beyond those of
2569 normal data structures. Most importantly, they can emit signals, just
2570 like widgets, and these signals can be used not only to allow your
2571 program to react to user input on adjustable widgets, but also to
2572 propagate adjustment values transparently between adjustable widgets.</para>
2574 <para>You will see how adjustments fit in when you see the other widgets
2575 that incorporate them:
2576 <link linkend="sec-ProgressBars">Progress Bars</link>,
2577 <link linkend="sec-Viewports">Viewports</link>,
2578 <link linkend="sec-ScrolledWindows">Scrolled Windows</link>, and others.</para>
2580 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
2581 <sect1 id="sec-CreatingAnAdjustment">
2582 <title>Creating an Adjustment</title>
2584 <para>Many of the widgets which use adjustment objects do so automatically,
2585 but some cases will be shown in later examples where you may need to
2586 create one yourself. You create an adjustment using:</para>
2588 <programlisting role="C">
2589 GtkObject *gtk_adjustment_new( gdouble value,
2592 gdouble step_increment,
2593 gdouble page_increment,
2594 gdouble page_size );
2597 <para>The <literal>value</literal> argument is the initial value you want to give to the
2598 adjustment, usually corresponding to the topmost or leftmost position
2599 of an adjustable widget. The <literal>lower</literal> argument specifies the lowest
2600 value which the adjustment can hold. The <literal>step_increment</literal> argument
2601 specifies the "smaller" of the two increments by which the user can
2602 change the value, while the <literal>page_increment</literal> is the "larger" one.
2603 The <literal>page_size</literal> argument usually corresponds somehow to the visible
2604 area of a panning widget. The <literal>upper</literal> argument is used to represent
2605 the bottom most or right most coordinate in a panning widget's
2606 child. Therefore it is <emphasis>not</emphasis> always the largest number that
2607 <literal>value</literal> can take, since the <literal>page_size</literal> of such widgets is
2608 usually non-zero.</para>
2612 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
2613 <sect1 id="sec-UsingAdjustments">
2614 <title>Using Adjustments the Easy Way</title>
2616 <para>The adjustable widgets can be roughly divided into those which use and
2617 require specific units for these values and those which treat them as
2618 arbitrary numbers. The group which treats the values as arbitrary
2619 numbers includes the range widgets (scrollbars and scales, the
2620 progress bar widget, and the spin button widget). These widgets are
2621 all the widgets which are typically "adjusted" directly by the user
2622 with the mouse or keyboard. They will treat the <literal>lower</literal> and
2623 <literal>upper</literal> values of an adjustment as a range within which the user
2624 can manipulate the adjustment's <literal>value</literal>. By default, they will only
2625 modify the <literal>value</literal> of an adjustment.</para>
2627 <para>The other group includes the text widget, the viewport widget, the
2628 compound list widget, and the scrolled window widget. All of these
2629 widgets use pixel values for their adjustments. These are also all
2630 widgets which are typically "adjusted" indirectly using scrollbars.
2631 While all widgets which use adjustments can either create their own
2632 adjustments or use ones you supply, you'll generally want to let this
2633 particular category of widgets create its own adjustments. Usually,
2634 they will eventually override all the values except the <literal>value</literal>
2635 itself in whatever adjustments you give them, but the results are, in
2636 general, undefined (meaning, you'll have to read the source code to
2637 find out, and it may be different from widget to widget).</para>
2639 <para>Now, you're probably thinking, since text widgets and viewports insist
2640 on setting everything except the <literal>value</literal> of their adjustments,
2641 while scrollbars will <emphasis>only</emphasis> touch the adjustment's
2642 <literal>value</literal>, if you <emphasis>share</emphasis> an adjustment
2643 object between a scrollbar and a text widget, manipulating the scrollbar will
2644 automagically adjust the viewport widget? Of course it will! Just like this:</para>
2646 <programlisting role="C">
2647 /* creates its own adjustments */
2648 viewport = gtk_viewport_new (NULL, NULL);
2649 /* uses the newly-created adjustment for the scrollbar as well */
2650 vscrollbar = gtk_vscrollbar_new (gtk_viewport_get_vadjustment (viewport));
2655 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
2656 <sect1 id="sec-AdjustmentInternals">
2657 <title>Adjustment Internals</title>
2659 <para>Ok, you say, that's nice, but what if I want to create my own handlers
2660 to respond when the user adjusts a range widget or a spin button, and
2661 how do I get at the value of the adjustment in these handlers? To
2662 answer these questions and more, let's start by taking a look at
2663 <literal>struct _GtkAdjustment</literal> itself:</para>
2665 <programlisting role="C">
2666 struct _GtkAdjustment
2668 GtkObject parent_instance;
2673 gdouble step_increment;
2674 gdouble page_increment;
2679 <para>If you don't like to poke directly at struct internals like a
2680 <emphasis>real</emphasis> C programmer, you can use the following accessor to
2681 inspect the <literal>value</literal> of an adjustment:</para>
2683 <programlisting role="C">
2684 gdouble gtk_adjustment_get_value( GtkAdjustment *adjustment);
2687 <para>Since, when you set the <literal>value</literal> of an Adjustment, you generally
2688 want the change to be reflected by every widget that uses this
2689 adjustment, GTK provides this convenience function to do this:</para>
2691 <programlisting role="C">
2692 void gtk_adjustment_set_value( GtkAdjustment *adjustment,
2696 <para>As mentioned earlier, Adjustment is a subclass of Object just
2697 like all the various widgets, and thus it is able to emit signals.
2698 This is, of course, why updates happen automagically when you share an
2699 adjustment object between a scrollbar and another adjustable widget;
2700 all adjustable widgets connect signal handlers to their adjustment's
2701 <literal>value_changed</literal> signal, as can your program. Here's the definition
2702 of this signal in <literal>struct _GtkAdjustmentClass</literal>:</para>
2704 <programlisting role="C">
2705 void (* value_changed) (GtkAdjustment *adjustment);
2708 <para>The various widgets that use the Adjustment object will emit this
2709 signal on an adjustment whenever they change its value. This happens
2710 both when user input causes the slider to move on a range widget, as
2711 well as when the program explicitly changes the value with
2712 gtk_adjustment_set_value(). So, for example, if you have a scale
2713 widget, and you want to change the rotation of a picture whenever its
2714 value changes, you would create a callback like this:</para>
2716 <programlisting role="C">
2717 void cb_rotate_picture (GtkAdjustment *adj, GtkWidget *picture)
2719 set_picture_rotation (picture, gtk_adjustment_get_value (adj));
2723 <para>and connect it to the scale widget's adjustment like this:</para>
2725 <programlisting role="C">
2726 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (adj), "value_changed",
2727 G_CALLBACK (cb_rotate_picture), (gpointer) picture);
2730 <para>What about when a widget reconfigures the <literal>upper</literal> or <literal>lower</literal>
2731 fields of its adjustment, such as when a user adds more text to a text
2732 widget? In this case, it emits the <literal>changed</literal> signal, which looks
2735 <programlisting role="C">
2736 void (* changed) (GtkAdjustment *adjustment);
2739 <para>Range widgets typically connect a handler to this signal, which
2740 changes their appearance to reflect the change - for example, the size
2741 of the slider in a scrollbar will grow or shrink in inverse proportion
2742 to the difference between the <literal>lower</literal> and <literal>upper</literal> values of its
2745 <para>You probably won't ever need to attach a handler to this signal,
2746 unless you're writing a new type of range widget. However, if you
2747 change any of the values in a Adjustment directly, you should emit
2748 this signal on it to reconfigure whatever widgets are using it, like
2751 <programlisting role="C">
2752 g_signal_emit_by_name (G_OBJECT (adjustment), "changed");
2755 <para>Now go forth and adjust!</para>
2760 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
2761 <chapter id="ch-RangeWidgets">
2762 <title>Range Widgets</title>
2764 <para>The category of range widgets includes the ubiquitous scrollbar widget
2765 and the less common scale widget. Though these two types of widgets
2766 are generally used for different purposes, they are quite similar in
2767 function and implementation. All range widgets share a set of common
2768 graphic elements, each of which has its own X window and receives
2769 events. They all contain a "trough" and a "slider" (what is sometimes
2770 called a "thumbwheel" in other GUI environments). Dragging the slider
2771 with the pointer moves it back and forth within the trough, while
2772 clicking in the trough advances the slider towards the location of the
2773 click, either completely, or by a designated amount, depending on
2774 which mouse button is used.</para>
2776 <para>As mentioned in <link linkend="ch-Adjustments">Adjustments</link> above,
2777 all range widgets are associated with an adjustment object, from which
2778 they calculate the length of the slider and its position within the
2779 trough. When the user manipulates the slider, the range widget will
2780 change the value of the adjustment.</para>
2782 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
2783 <sect1 id="sec-ScrollbarWidgets">
2784 <title>Scrollbar Widgets</title>
2786 <para>These are your standard, run-of-the-mill scrollbars. These should be
2787 used only for scrolling some other widget, such as a list, a text box,
2788 or a viewport (and it's generally easier to use the scrolled window
2789 widget in most cases). For other purposes, you should use scale
2790 widgets, as they are friendlier and more featureful.</para>
2792 <para>There are separate types for horizontal and vertical scrollbars.
2793 There really isn't much to say about these. You create them with the
2794 following functions:</para>
2796 <programlisting role="C">
2797 GtkWidget *gtk_hscrollbar_new( GtkAdjustment *adjustment );
2799 GtkWidget *gtk_vscrollbar_new( GtkAdjustment *adjustment );
2802 <para>and that's about it (if you don't believe me, look in the header
2803 files!). The <literal>adjustment</literal> argument can either be a pointer to an
2804 existing Adjustment, or NULL, in which case one will be created for
2805 you. Specifying NULL might actually be useful in this case, if you
2806 wish to pass the newly-created adjustment to the constructor function
2807 of some other widget which will configure it for you, such as a text
2812 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
2813 <sect1 id="sec-ScaleWidgets">
2814 <title>Scale Widgets</title>
2816 <para>Scale widgets are used to allow the user to visually select and
2817 manipulate a value within a specific range. You might want to use a
2818 scale widget, for example, to adjust the magnification level on a
2819 zoomed preview of a picture, or to control the brightness of a color,
2820 or to specify the number of minutes of inactivity before a screensaver
2821 takes over the screen.</para>
2823 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
2825 <title>Creating a Scale Widget</title>
2827 <para>As with scrollbars, there are separate widget types for horizontal and
2828 vertical scale widgets. (Most programmers seem to favour horizontal
2829 scale widgets.) Since they work essentially the same way, there's no
2830 need to treat them separately here. The following functions create vertical and
2831 horizontal scale widgets, respectively:</para>
2833 <programlisting role="C">
2834 GtkWidget *gtk_vscale_new( GtkAdjustment *adjustment );
2836 GtkWidget *gtk_vscale_new_with_range( gdouble min,
2840 GtkWidget *gtk_hscale_new( GtkAdjustment *adjustment );
2842 GtkWidget *gtk_hscale_new_with_range( gdouble min,
2847 <para>The <literal>adjustment</literal> argument can either be an adjustment which has
2848 already been created with gtk_adjustment_new(), or NULL, in
2849 which case, an anonymous Adjustment is created with all of its
2850 values set to <literal>0.0</literal> (which isn't very useful in this case).
2851 In order to avoid confusing yourself, you probably want to create your
2852 adjustment with a <literal>page_size</literal> of <literal>0.0</literal> so
2853 that its <literal>upper</literal> value actually corresponds to the highest
2854 value the user can select. The _new_with_range()�variants take care of creating
2855 a suitable adjustment. (If you're <emphasis>already</emphasis> thoroughly
2856 confused, read the section on <link linkend="ch-Adjustments">Adjustments</link>
2857 again for an explanation of what exactly adjustments do and how to create and
2858 manipulate them.)</para>
2862 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
2864 <title>Functions and Signals (well, functions, at least)</title>
2866 <para>Scale widgets can display their current value as a number beside the
2867 trough. The default behaviour is to show the value, but you can change
2868 this with this function:</para>
2870 <programlisting role="C">
2871 void gtk_scale_set_draw_value( GtkScale *scale,
2872 gboolean draw_value );
2875 <para>As you might have guessed, <literal>draw_value</literal> is either <literal>TRUE</literal> or
2876 <literal>FALSE</literal>, with predictable consequences for either one.</para>
2878 <para>The value displayed by a scale widget is rounded to one decimal point
2879 by default, as is the <literal>value</literal> field in its Adjustment. You can
2880 change this with:</para>
2882 <programlisting role="C">
2883 void gtk_scale_set_digits( GtkScale *scale,
2887 <para>where <literal>digits</literal> is the number of decimal places you want. You can
2888 set <literal>digits</literal> to anything you like, but no more than 13 decimal
2889 places will actually be drawn on screen.</para>
2891 <para>Finally, the value can be drawn in different positions
2892 relative to the trough:</para>
2894 <programlisting role="C">
2895 void gtk_scale_set_value_pos( GtkScale *scale,
2896 GtkPositionType pos );
2899 <para>The argument <literal>pos</literal> is of type <literal>GtkPositionType</literal>,
2900 which can take one of the following values:</para>
2902 <programlisting role="C">
2909 <para>If you position the value on the "side" of the trough (e.g., on the
2910 top or bottom of a horizontal scale widget), then it will follow the
2911 slider up and down the trough.</para>
2913 <para>All the preceding functions are defined in
2914 <literal><gtk/gtkscale.h></literal>. The header files for all GTK widgets
2915 are automatically included when you include
2916 <literal><gtk/gtk.h></literal>. But you should look over the header files
2917 of all widgets that interest you, in order to learn more about their functions
2918 and features.</para>
2923 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
2924 <sect1 id="sec-CommonRangeFunctions">
2925 <title>Common Range Functions</title>
2927 <para>The Range widget class is fairly complicated internally, but, like
2928 all the "base class" widgets, most of its complexity is only
2929 interesting if you want to hack on it. Also, almost all of the
2930 functions and signals it defines are only really used in writing
2931 derived widgets. There are, however, a few useful functions that are
2932 defined in <literal><gtk/gtkrange.h></literal> and will work on all range
2935 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
2937 <title>Setting the Update Policy</title>
2939 <para>The "update policy" of a range widget defines at what points during
2940 user interaction it will change the <literal>value</literal> field of its
2941 Adjustment and emit the "value_changed" signal on this
2942 Adjustment. The update policies, defined in
2943 <literal><gtk/gtkenums.h></literal> as type <literal>enum GtkUpdateType</literal>,
2948 <term><literal>GTK_UPDATE_CONTINUOUS</literal></term>
2949 <listitem><para>This is the default. The
2950 "value_changed" signal is emitted continuously, i.e., whenever the
2951 slider is moved by even the tiniest amount.</para>
2955 <term><literal>GTK_UPDATE_DISCONTINUOUS</literal></term>
2956 <listitem><para>The "value_changed" signal is
2957 only emitted once the slider has stopped moving and the user has
2958 released the mouse button.</para>
2962 <term><literal>GTK_UPDATE_DELAYED</literal></term>
2963 <listitem><para>The "value_changed" signal is emitted
2964 when the user releases the mouse button, or if the slider stops moving
2965 for a short period of time.</para>
2970 <para>The update policy of a range widget can be set by casting it using the
2971 <literal>GTK_RANGE(widget)</literal> macro and passing it to this function:</para>
2973 <programlisting role="C">
2974 void gtk_range_set_update_policy( GtkRange *range,
2975 GtkUpdateType policy);
2980 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
2982 <title>Getting and Setting Adjustments</title>
2984 <para>Getting and setting the adjustment for a range widget "on the fly" is
2985 done, predictably, with:</para>
2987 <programlisting role="C">
2988 GtkAdjustment* gtk_range_get_adjustment( GtkRange *range );
2990 void gtk_range_set_adjustment( GtkRange *range,
2991 GtkAdjustment *adjustment );
2994 <para><literal>gtk_range_get_adjustment()</literal> returns a pointer to the adjustment to
2995 which <literal>range</literal> is connected.</para>
2997 <para><literal>gtk_range_set_adjustment()</literal> does absolutely nothing if you pass it
2998 the adjustment that <literal>range</literal> is already using, regardless of whether
2999 you changed any of its fields or not. If you pass it a new
3000 Adjustment, it will unreference the old one if it exists (possibly
3001 destroying it), connect the appropriate signals to the new one, and
3002 call the private function <literal>gtk_range_adjustment_changed()</literal>, which
3003 will (or at least, is supposed to...) recalculate the size and/or
3004 position of the slider and redraw if necessary. As mentioned in the
3005 section on adjustments, if you wish to reuse the same Adjustment,
3006 when you modify its values directly, you should emit the "changed"
3007 signal on it, like this:</para>
3009 <programlisting role="C">
3010 g_signal_emit_by_name (G_OBJECT (adjustment), "changed");
3016 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
3017 <sect1 id="sec-KeyAndMouseBindings">
3018 <title>Key and Mouse bindings</title>
3020 <para>All of the GTK range widgets react to mouse clicks in more or less
3021 the same way. Clicking button-1 in the trough will cause its
3022 adjustment's <literal>page_increment</literal> to be added or subtracted from its
3023 <literal>value</literal>, and the slider to be moved accordingly. Clicking mouse
3024 button-2 in the trough will jump the slider to the point at which the
3025 button was clicked. Clicking button-3 in the trough of a range or any button on
3026 a scrollbar's arrows will cause its adjustment's value to change by
3027 <literal>step_increment</literal> at a time.</para>
3029 <para>Scrollbars are not focusable, thus have no key bindings. The key bindings
3030 for the other range widgets (which are, of course, only active when the widget
3031 has focus) are do <emphasis>not</emphasis> differentiate between horizontal and
3032 vertical range widgets.</para>
3034 <para>All range widgets can be operated with the left, right, up and down arrow
3035 keys, as well as with the <literal>Page Up</literal> and <literal>Page Down</literal>
3036 keys. The arrows move the slider up and down by <literal>step_increment</literal>, while
3037 <literal>Page Up</literal> and <literal>Page Down</literal> move it by
3038 <literal>page_increment</literal>.</para>
3040 <para>The user can also move the slider all the way to one end or the other
3041 of the trough using the keyboard. This is done with the <literal>Home</literal>
3042 and <literal>End</literal> keys.</para>
3046 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
3047 <sect1 id="sec-RangeWidgetsExample">
3048 <title>Example</title>
3050 <para>This example is a somewhat modified version of the "range controls"
3051 test from <filename>testgtk.c</filename>. It basically puts up a window with three
3052 range widgets all connected to the same adjustment, and a couple of
3053 controls for adjusting some of the parameters mentioned above and in
3054 the section on adjustments, so you can see how they affect the way
3055 these widgets work for the user.</para>
3060 <imagedata fileref="images/rangewidgets.png" format="png">
3062 </inlinemediaobject>
3065 <programlisting role="C">
3066 <!-- example-start rangewidgets rangewidgets.c -->
3068 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
3070 GtkWidget *hscale, *vscale;
3072 static void cb_pos_menu_select( GtkWidget *item,
3073 GtkPositionType pos )
3075 /* Set the value position on both scale widgets */
3076 gtk_scale_set_value_pos (GTK_SCALE (hscale), pos);
3077 gtk_scale_set_value_pos (GTK_SCALE (vscale), pos);
3080 static void cb_update_menu_select( GtkWidget *item,
3081 GtkUpdateType policy )
3083 /* Set the update policy for both scale widgets */
3084 gtk_range_set_update_policy (GTK_RANGE (hscale), policy);
3085 gtk_range_set_update_policy (GTK_RANGE (vscale), policy);
3088 static void cb_digits_scale( GtkAdjustment *adj )
3090 /* Set the number of decimal places to which adj->value is rounded */
3091 gtk_scale_set_digits (GTK_SCALE (hscale), (gint) adj->value);
3092 gtk_scale_set_digits (GTK_SCALE (vscale), (gint) adj->value);
3095 static void cb_page_size( GtkAdjustment *get,
3096 GtkAdjustment *set )
3098 /* Set the page size and page increment size of the sample
3099 * adjustment to the value specified by the "Page Size" scale */
3100 set->page_size = get->value;
3101 set->page_increment = get->value;
3103 /* This sets the adjustment and makes it emit the "changed" signal to
3104 reconfigure all the widgets that are attached to this signal. */
3105 gtk_adjustment_set_value (set, CLAMP (set->value,
3107 (set->upper - set->page_size)));
3108 g_signal_emit_by_name(G_OBJECT(set), "changed");
3111 static void cb_draw_value( GtkToggleButton *button )
3113 /* Turn the value display on the scale widgets off or on depending
3114 * on the state of the checkbutton */
3115 gtk_scale_set_draw_value (GTK_SCALE (hscale), button->active);
3116 gtk_scale_set_draw_value (GTK_SCALE (vscale), button->active);
3119 /* Convenience functions */
3121 static GtkWidget *make_menu_item ( gchar *name,
3127 item = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label (name);
3128 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (item), "activate",
3129 callback, (gpointer) data);
3130 gtk_widget_show (item);
3135 static void scale_set_default_values( GtkScale *scale )
3137 gtk_range_set_update_policy (GTK_RANGE (scale),
3138 GTK_UPDATE_CONTINUOUS);
3139 gtk_scale_set_digits (scale, 1);
3140 gtk_scale_set_value_pos (scale, GTK_POS_TOP);
3141 gtk_scale_set_draw_value (scale, TRUE);
3144 /* makes the sample window */
3146 static void create_range_controls( void )
3149 GtkWidget *box1, *box2, *box3;
3151 GtkWidget *scrollbar;
3152 GtkWidget *separator;
3153 GtkWidget *opt, *menu, *item;
3156 GtkObject *adj1, *adj2;
3158 /* Standard window-creating stuff */
3159 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
3160 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
3161 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit),
3163 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "range controls");
3165 box1 = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);
3166 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), box1);
3167 gtk_widget_show (box1);
3169 box2 = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 10);
3170 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (box2), 10);
3171 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
3172 gtk_widget_show (box2);
3174 /* value, lower, upper, step_increment, page_increment, page_size */
3175 /* Note that the page_size value only makes a difference for
3176 * scrollbar widgets, and the highest value you'll get is actually
3177 * (upper - page_size). */
3178 adj1 = gtk_adjustment_new (0.0, 0.0, 101.0, 0.1, 1.0, 1.0);
3180 vscale = gtk_vscale_new (GTK_ADJUSTMENT (adj1));
3181 scale_set_default_values (GTK_SCALE (vscale));
3182 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box2), vscale, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
3183 gtk_widget_show (vscale);
3185 box3 = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 10);
3186 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box2), box3, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
3187 gtk_widget_show (box3);
3189 /* Reuse the same adjustment */
3190 hscale = gtk_hscale_new (GTK_ADJUSTMENT (adj1));
3191 gtk_widget_set_size_request (GTK_WIDGET (hscale), 200, -1);
3192 scale_set_default_values (GTK_SCALE (hscale));
3193 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box3), hscale, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
3194 gtk_widget_show (hscale);
3196 /* Reuse the same adjustment again */
3197 scrollbar = gtk_hscrollbar_new (GTK_ADJUSTMENT (adj1));
3198 /* Notice how this causes the scales to always be updated
3199 * continuously when the scrollbar is moved */
3200 gtk_range_set_update_policy (GTK_RANGE (scrollbar),
3201 GTK_UPDATE_CONTINUOUS);
3202 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box3), scrollbar, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
3203 gtk_widget_show (scrollbar);
3205 box2 = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 10);
3206 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (box2), 10);
3207 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
3208 gtk_widget_show (box2);
3210 /* A checkbutton to control whether the value is displayed or not */
3211 button = gtk_check_button_new_with_label("Display value on scale widgets");
3212 gtk_toggle_button_set_active (GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (button), TRUE);
3213 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "toggled",
3214 G_CALLBACK (cb_draw_value), NULL);
3215 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box2), button, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
3216 gtk_widget_show (button);
3218 box2 = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 10);
3219 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (box2), 10);
3221 /* An option menu to change the position of the value */
3222 label = gtk_label_new ("Scale Value Position:");
3223 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box2), label, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
3224 gtk_widget_show (label);
3226 opt = gtk_option_menu_new ();
3227 menu = gtk_menu_new ();
3229 item = make_menu_item ("Top",
3230 G_CALLBACK (cb_pos_menu_select),
3231 GINT_TO_POINTER (GTK_POS_TOP));
3232 gtk_menu_shell_append (GTK_MENU_SHELL (menu), item);
3234 item = make_menu_item ("Bottom", G_CALLBACK (cb_pos_menu_select),
3235 GINT_TO_POINTER (GTK_POS_BOTTOM));
3236 gtk_menu_shell_append (GTK_MENU_SHELL (menu), item);
3238 item = make_menu_item ("Left", G_CALLBACK (cb_pos_menu_select),
3239 GINT_TO_POINTER (GTK_POS_LEFT));
3240 gtk_menu_shell_append (GTK_MENU_SHELL (menu), item);
3242 item = make_menu_item ("Right", G_CALLBACK (cb_pos_menu_select),
3243 GINT_TO_POINTER (GTK_POS_RIGHT));
3244 gtk_menu_shell_append (GTK_MENU_SHELL (menu), item);
3246 gtk_option_menu_set_menu (GTK_OPTION_MENU (opt), menu);
3247 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box2), opt, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
3248 gtk_widget_show (opt);
3250 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
3251 gtk_widget_show (box2);
3253 box2 = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 10);
3254 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (box2), 10);
3256 /* Yet another option menu, this time for the update policy of the
3258 label = gtk_label_new ("Scale Update Policy:");
3259 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box2), label, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
3260 gtk_widget_show (label);
3262 opt = gtk_option_menu_new ();
3263 menu = gtk_menu_new ();
3265 item = make_menu_item ("Continuous",
3266 G_CALLBACK (cb_update_menu_select),
3267 GINT_TO_POINTER (GTK_UPDATE_CONTINUOUS));
3268 gtk_menu_shell_append (GTK_MENU_SHELL (menu), item);
3270 item = make_menu_item ("Discontinuous",
3271 G_CALLBACK (cb_update_menu_select),
3272 GINT_TO_POINTER (GTK_UPDATE_DISCONTINUOUS));
3273 gtk_menu_shell_append (GTK_MENU_SHELL (menu), item);
3275 item = make_menu_item ("Delayed",
3276 G_CALLBACK (cb_update_menu_select),
3277 GINT_TO_POINTER (GTK_UPDATE_DELAYED));
3278 gtk_menu_shell_append (GTK_MENU_SHELL (menu), item);
3280 gtk_option_menu_set_menu (GTK_OPTION_MENU (opt), menu);
3281 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box2), opt, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
3282 gtk_widget_show (opt);
3284 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
3285 gtk_widget_show (box2);
3287 box2 = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 10);
3288 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (box2), 10);
3290 /* An HScale widget for adjusting the number of digits on the
3292 label = gtk_label_new ("Scale Digits:");
3293 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box2), label, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
3294 gtk_widget_show (label);
3296 adj2 = gtk_adjustment_new (1.0, 0.0, 5.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0);
3297 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (adj2), "value_changed",
3298 G_CALLBACK (cb_digits_scale), NULL);
3299 scale = gtk_hscale_new (GTK_ADJUSTMENT (adj2));
3300 gtk_scale_set_digits (GTK_SCALE (scale), 0);
3301 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box2), scale, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
3302 gtk_widget_show (scale);
3304 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
3305 gtk_widget_show (box2);
3307 box2 = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 10);
3308 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (box2), 10);
3310 /* And, one last HScale widget for adjusting the page size of the
3312 label = gtk_label_new ("Scrollbar Page Size:");
3313 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box2), label, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
3314 gtk_widget_show (label);
3316 adj2 = gtk_adjustment_new (1.0, 1.0, 101.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0);
3317 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (adj2), "value_changed",
3318 G_CALLBACK (cb_page_size), (gpointer) adj1);
3319 scale = gtk_hscale_new (GTK_ADJUSTMENT (adj2));
3320 gtk_scale_set_digits (GTK_SCALE (scale), 0);
3321 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box2), scale, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
3322 gtk_widget_show (scale);
3324 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
3325 gtk_widget_show (box2);
3327 separator = gtk_hseparator_new ();
3328 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), separator, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
3329 gtk_widget_show (separator);
3331 box2 = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 10);
3332 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (box2), 10);
3333 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
3334 gtk_widget_show (box2);
3336 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Quit");
3337 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
3338 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit),
3340 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box2), button, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
3341 GTK_WIDGET_SET_FLAGS (button, GTK_CAN_DEFAULT);
3342 gtk_widget_grab_default (button);
3343 gtk_widget_show (button);
3345 gtk_widget_show (window);
3351 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
3353 create_range_controls ();
3360 <!-- example-end -->
3363 <para>You will notice that the program does not call g_signal_connect()
3364 for the "delete_event", but only for the "destroy" signal. This will
3365 still perform the desired function, because an unhandled
3366 "delete_event" will result in a "destroy" signal being given to the
3372 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
3373 <chapter id="ch-MiscWidgets">
3374 <title>Miscellaneous Widgets</title>
3376 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
3377 <sect1 id="sec-Labels">
3378 <title>Labels</title>
3380 <para>Labels are used a lot in GTK, and are relatively simple. Labels emit
3381 no signals as they do not have an associated X window. If you need to
3382 catch signals, or do clipping, place it inside a <link linkend="sec-EventBox">
3383 EventBox</link> widget or a Button widget.</para>
3385 <para>To create a new label, use:</para>
3387 <programlisting role="C">
3388 GtkWidget *gtk_label_new( const char *str );
3390 GtkWidget *gtk_label_new_with_mnemonic( const char *str );
3393 <para>The sole argument is the string you wish the label to display.</para>
3395 <para>To change the label's text after creation, use the function:</para>
3397 <programlisting role="C">
3398 void gtk_label_set_text( GtkLabel *label,
3402 <para>The first argument is the label you created previously (cast
3403 using the <literal>GTK_LABEL()</literal> macro), and the second is the new string.</para>
3405 <para>The space needed for the new string will be automatically adjusted if
3406 needed. You can produce multi-line labels by putting line breaks in
3407 the label string.</para>
3409 <para>To retrieve the current string, use:</para>
3411 <programlisting role="C">
3412 const gchar* gtk_label_get_text( GtkLabel *label );
3415 <para>Do not free the returned string, as it is used internally by GTK.</para>
3417 <para>The label text can be justified using:</para>
3419 <programlisting role="C">
3420 void gtk_label_set_justify( GtkLabel *label,
3421 GtkJustification jtype );
3424 <para>Values for <literal>jtype</literal> are:</para>
3425 <programlisting role="C">
3428 GTK_JUSTIFY_CENTER (the default)
3432 <para>The label widget is also capable of line wrapping the text
3433 automatically. This can be activated using:</para>
3435 <programlisting role="C">
3436 void gtk_label_set_line_wrap (GtkLabel *label,
3440 <para>The <literal>wrap</literal> argument takes a TRUE or FALSE value.</para>
3442 <para>If you want your label underlined, then you can set a pattern on the
3445 <programlisting role="C">
3446 void gtk_label_set_pattern (GtkLabel *label,
3447 const gchar *pattern);
3450 <para>The pattern argument indicates how the underlining should look. It
3451 consists of a string of underscore and space characters. An underscore
3452 indicates that the corresponding character in the label should be
3453 underlined. For example, the string <literal>"__ __"</literal> would underline the
3454 first two characters and eight and ninth characters.</para>
3456 <note><para>If you simply want to have an underlined accelerator ("mnemonic")
3457 in your label, you should use gtk_label_new_with_mnemonic() or
3458 gtk_label_set_text_with_mnemonic(), not gtk_label_set_pattern().</para>
3461 <para>Below is a short example to illustrate these functions. This example
3462 makes use of the Frame widget to better demonstrate the label
3463 styles. You can ignore this for now as the <link linkend="sec-Frames">Frame</link>
3464 widget is explained later on.</para>
3466 <para>In GTK+ 2.0, label texts can contain markup for font and other text attribute
3467 changes, and labels may be selectable (for copy-and-paste). These advanced features
3468 won't be explained here.</para>
3473 <imagedata fileref="images/label.png" format="png">
3475 </inlinemediaobject>
3478 <programlisting role="C">
3479 <!-- example-start label label.c -->
3481 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
3486 static GtkWidget *window = NULL;
3492 /* Initialise GTK */
3493 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
3495 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
3496 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
3497 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit),
3500 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Label");
3501 vbox = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 5);
3502 hbox = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 5);
3503 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), hbox);
3504 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), vbox, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
3505 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 5);
3507 frame = gtk_frame_new ("Normal Label");
3508 label = gtk_label_new ("This is a Normal label");
3509 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (frame), label);
3510 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), frame, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
3512 frame = gtk_frame_new ("Multi-line Label");
3513 label = gtk_label_new ("This is a Multi-line label.\nSecond line\n" \
3515 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (frame), label);
3516 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), frame, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
3518 frame = gtk_frame_new ("Left Justified Label");
3519 label = gtk_label_new ("This is a Left-Justified\n" \
3520 "Multi-line label.\nThird line");
3521 gtk_label_set_justify (GTK_LABEL (label), GTK_JUSTIFY_LEFT);
3522 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (frame), label);
3523 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), frame, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
3525 frame = gtk_frame_new ("Right Justified Label");
3526 label = gtk_label_new ("This is a Right-Justified\nMulti-line label.\n" \
3527 "Fourth line, (j/k)");
3528 gtk_label_set_justify (GTK_LABEL (label), GTK_JUSTIFY_RIGHT);
3529 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (frame), label);
3530 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), frame, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
3532 vbox = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 5);
3533 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), vbox, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
3534 frame = gtk_frame_new ("Line wrapped label");
3535 label = gtk_label_new ("This is an example of a line-wrapped label. It " \
3536 "should not be taking up the entire " /* big space to test spacing */\
3537 "width allocated to it, but automatically " \
3538 "wraps the words to fit. " \
3539 "The time has come, for all good men, to come to " \
3540 "the aid of their party. " \
3541 "The sixth sheik's six sheep's sick.\n" \
3542 " It supports multiple paragraphs correctly, " \
3543 "and correctly adds "\
3544 "many extra spaces. ");
3545 gtk_label_set_line_wrap (GTK_LABEL (label), TRUE);
3546 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (frame), label);
3547 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), frame, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
3549 frame = gtk_frame_new ("Filled, wrapped label");
3550 label = gtk_label_new ("This is an example of a line-wrapped, filled label. " \
3551 "It should be taking "\
3552 "up the entire width allocated to it. " \
3553 "Here is a sentence to prove "\
3554 "my point. Here is another sentence. "\
3555 "Here comes the sun, do de do de do.\n"\
3556 " This is a new paragraph.\n"\
3557 " This is another newer, longer, better " \
3558 "paragraph. It is coming to an end, "\
3560 gtk_label_set_justify (GTK_LABEL (label), GTK_JUSTIFY_FILL);
3561 gtk_label_set_line_wrap (GTK_LABEL (label), TRUE);
3562 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (frame), label);
3563 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), frame, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
3565 frame = gtk_frame_new ("Underlined label");
3566 label = gtk_label_new ("This label is underlined!\n"
3567 "This one is underlined in quite a funky fashion");
3568 gtk_label_set_justify (GTK_LABEL (label), GTK_JUSTIFY_LEFT);
3569 gtk_label_set_pattern (GTK_LABEL (label),
3570 "_________________________ _ _________ _ ______ __ _______ ___");
3571 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (frame), label);
3572 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), frame, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
3574 gtk_widget_show_all (window);
3580 <!-- example-end -->
3585 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
3586 <sect1 id="sec-Arrows">
3587 <title>Arrows</title>
3589 <para>The Arrow widget draws an arrowhead, facing in a number of possible
3590 directions and having a number of possible styles. It can be very
3591 useful when placed on a button in many applications. Like the Label
3592 widget, it emits no signals.</para>
3594 <para>There are only two functions for manipulating an Arrow widget:</para>
3596 <programlisting role="C">
3597 GtkWidget *gtk_arrow_new( GtkArrowType arrow_type,
3598 GtkShadowType shadow_type );
3600 void gtk_arrow_set( GtkArrow *arrow,
3601 GtkArrowType arrow_type,
3602 GtkShadowType shadow_type );
3605 <para>The first creates a new arrow widget with the indicated type and
3606 appearance. The second allows these values to be altered
3607 retrospectively. The <literal>arrow_type</literal> argument may take one of the
3608 following values:</para>
3610 <programlisting role="C">
3617 <para>These values obviously indicate the direction in which the arrow will
3618 point. The <literal>shadow_type</literal> argument may take one of these values:</para>
3620 <programlisting role="C">
3622 GTK_SHADOW_OUT (the default)
3623 GTK_SHADOW_ETCHED_IN
3624 GTK_SHADOW_ETCHED_OUT
3627 <para>Here's a brief example to illustrate their use.</para>
3632 <imagedata fileref="images/arrow.png" format="png">
3634 </inlinemediaobject>
3637 <programlisting role="C">
3638 <!-- example-start arrow arrow.c -->
3640 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
3642 /* Create an Arrow widget with the specified parameters
3643 * and pack it into a button */
3644 static GtkWidget *create_arrow_button( GtkArrowType arrow_type,
3645 GtkShadowType shadow_type )
3650 button = gtk_button_new ();
3651 arrow = gtk_arrow_new (arrow_type, shadow_type);
3653 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (button), arrow);
3655 gtk_widget_show (button);
3656 gtk_widget_show (arrow);
3664 /* GtkWidget is the storage type for widgets */
3669 /* Initialize the toolkit */
3670 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
3672 /* Create a new window */
3673 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
3675 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Arrow Buttons");
3677 /* It's a good idea to do this for all windows. */
3678 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
3679 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL);
3681 /* Sets the border width of the window. */
3682 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
3684 /* Create a box to hold the arrows/buttons */
3685 box = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 0);
3686 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (box), 2);
3687 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), box);
3689 /* Pack and show all our widgets */
3690 gtk_widget_show (box);
3692 button = create_arrow_button (GTK_ARROW_UP, GTK_SHADOW_IN);
3693 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), button, FALSE, FALSE, 3);
3695 button = create_arrow_button (GTK_ARROW_DOWN, GTK_SHADOW_OUT);
3696 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), button, FALSE, FALSE, 3);
3698 button = create_arrow_button (GTK_ARROW_LEFT, GTK_SHADOW_ETCHED_IN);
3699 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), button, FALSE, FALSE, 3);
3701 button = create_arrow_button (GTK_ARROW_RIGHT, GTK_SHADOW_ETCHED_OUT);
3702 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), button, FALSE, FALSE, 3);
3704 gtk_widget_show (window);
3706 /* Rest in gtk_main and wait for the fun to begin! */
3711 <!-- example-end -->
3716 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
3717 <sect1 id="sec-TheTooltipsObject">
3718 <title>The Tooltips Object</title>
3720 <para>These are the little text strings that pop up when you leave your
3721 pointer over a button or other widget for a few seconds. They are easy
3722 to use, so I will just explain them without giving an example. If you
3723 want to see some code, take a look at the <filename>testgtk.c</filename> program
3724 distributed with GTK.</para>
3726 <para>Widgets that do not receive events (widgets that do not have their
3727 own window) will not work with tooltips.</para>
3729 <para>The first call you will use creates a new tooltip. You only need to do
3730 this once for a set of tooltips as the <literal>GtkTooltips</literal> object this
3731 function returns can be used to create multiple tooltips.</para>
3733 <programlisting role="C">
3734 GtkTooltips *gtk_tooltips_new( void );
3737 <para>Once you have created a new tooltip, and the widget you wish to use it
3738 on, simply use this call to set it:</para>
3740 <programlisting role="C">
3741 void gtk_tooltips_set_tip( GtkTooltips *tooltips,
3743 const gchar *tip_text,
3744 const gchar *tip_private );
3747 <para>The first argument is the tooltip you've already created, followed by
3748 the widget you wish to have this tooltip pop up for, and the text you
3749 wish it to say. The last argument is a text string that can be used as
3750 an identifier when using GtkTipsQuery to implement context sensitive
3751 help. For now, you can set it to NULL.</para>
3753 <!-- TODO: sort out what how to do the context sensitive help -->
3755 <para>Here's a short example:</para>
3757 <programlisting role="C">
3758 GtkTooltips *tooltips;
3763 tooltips = gtk_tooltips_new ();
3764 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("button 1");
3768 gtk_tooltips_set_tip (tooltips, button, "This is button 1", NULL);
3771 <para>There are other calls that can be used with tooltips. I will just list
3772 them with a brief description of what they do.</para>
3774 <programlisting role="C">
3775 void gtk_tooltips_enable( GtkTooltips *tooltips );
3778 <para>Enable a disabled set of tooltips.</para>
3780 <programlisting role="C">
3781 void gtk_tooltips_disable( GtkTooltips *tooltips );
3784 <para>Disable an enabled set of tooltips.</para>
3786 <para>And that's all the functions associated with tooltips. More than
3787 you'll ever want to know :-)</para>
3791 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
3792 <sect1 id="sec-ProgressBars">
3793 <title>Progress Bars</title>
3795 <para>Progress bars are used to show the status of an operation. They are
3796 pretty easy to use, as you will see with the code below. But first
3797 lets start out with the calls to create a new progress bar.</para>
3799 <programlisting role="C">
3800 GtkWidget *gtk_progress_bar_new( void );
3803 <para>Now that the progress bar has been created we can use it.</para>
3805 <programlisting role="C">
3806 void gtk_progress_bar_set_fraction ( GtkProgressBar *pbar,
3810 <para>The first argument is the progress bar you wish to operate on, and the
3811 second argument is the amount "completed", meaning the amount the
3812 progress bar has been filled from 0-100%. This is passed to the
3813 function as a real number ranging from 0 to 1.</para>
3815 <para>GTK v1.2 has added new functionality to the progress bar that enables
3816 it to display its value in different ways, and to inform the user of
3817 its current value and its range.</para>
3819 <para>A progress bar may be set to one of a number of orientations using the
3822 <programlisting role="C">
3823 void gtk_progress_bar_set_orientation( GtkProgressBar *pbar,
3824 GtkProgressBarOrientation orientation );
3827 <para>The <literal>orientation</literal> argument may take one of the following
3828 values to indicate the direction in which the progress bar moves:</para>
3830 <programlisting role="C">
3831 GTK_PROGRESS_LEFT_TO_RIGHT
3832 GTK_PROGRESS_RIGHT_TO_LEFT
3833 GTK_PROGRESS_BOTTOM_TO_TOP
3834 GTK_PROGRESS_TOP_TO_BOTTOM
3837 <para>As well as indicating the amount of progress that has occured, the
3838 progress bar may be set to just indicate that there is some activity.
3839 This can be useful in situations where progress cannot be measured against
3840 a value range. The following function indicates that some progress has been
3843 <programlisting role="C">
3844 void gtk_progress_bar_pulse ( GtkProgressBar *progress );
3847 <para>The step size of the activity indicator is set using the following
3850 <programlisting role="C">
3851 void gtk_progress_bar_set_pulse_step( GtkProgressBar *pbar,
3855 <para>When not in activity mode, the progress bar can also display a
3856 configurable text string within its trough, using the following
3859 <programlisting role="C">
3860 void gtk_progress_bar_set_text( GtkProgressBar *progress,
3861 const gchar *text );
3864 <note><para>Note that gtk_progress_set_text() doesn't support the printf()-like formatting
3865 of the GTK+ 1.2 Progressbar.</para></note>
3867 <para>You can turn off the display of the string by calling gtk_progess_bar_set_text()
3868 again with NULL as second argument.</para>
3870 <para>The current text setting of a progressbar can be retrieved with the
3871 following function. Do not free the returned string.</para>
3873 <programlisting role="C">
3874 const gchar *gtk_progress_bar_get_text( GtkProgressBar *pbar );
3877 <para>Progress Bars are usually used with timeouts or other such functions
3878 (see section on <link linkend="ch-Timeouts">Timeouts, I/O and Idle Functions</link>)
3879 to give the illusion of multitasking. All will employ the
3880 gtk_progress_bar_set_fraction() or gtk_progress_bar_pulse() functions in the
3883 <para>Here is an example of the progress bar, updated using timeouts. This
3884 code also shows you how to reset the Progress Bar.</para>
3889 <imagedata fileref="images/progressbar.png" format="png">
3891 </inlinemediaobject>
3894 <programlisting role="C">
3895 <!-- example-start progressbar progressbar.c -->
3897 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
3899 typedef struct _ProgressData {
3903 gboolean activity_mode;
3906 /* Update the value of the progress bar so that we get
3908 static gboolean progress_timeout( gpointer data )
3910 ProgressData *pdata = (ProgressData *)data;
3913 if (pdata->activity_mode)
3914 gtk_progress_bar_pulse (GTK_PROGRESS_BAR (pdata->pbar));
3917 /* Calculate the value of the progress bar using the
3918 * value range set in the adjustment object */
3920 new_val = gtk_progress_bar_get_fraction (GTK_PROGRESS_BAR (pdata->pbar)) + 0.01;
3922 if (new_val > 1.0)
3925 /* Set the new value */
3926 gtk_progress_bar_set_fraction (GTK_PROGRESS_BAR (pdata->pbar), new_val);
3929 /* As this is a timeout function, return TRUE so that it
3930 * continues to get called */
3934 /* Callback that toggles the text display within the progress bar trough */
3935 static void toggle_show_text( GtkWidget *widget,
3936 ProgressData *pdata )
3940 text = gtk_progress_bar_get_text (GTK_PROGRESS_BAR (pdata->pbar));
3941 if (text && *text)
3942 gtk_progress_bar_set_text (GTK_PROGRESS_BAR (pdata->pbar), "");
3944 gtk_progress_bar_set_text (GTK_PROGRESS_BAR (pdata->pbar), "some text");
3947 /* Callback that toggles the activity mode of the progress bar */
3948 static void toggle_activity_mode( GtkWidget *widget,
3949 ProgressData *pdata )
3951 pdata->activity_mode = !pdata->activity_mode;
3952 if (pdata->activity_mode)
3953 gtk_progress_bar_pulse (GTK_PROGRESS_BAR (pdata->pbar));
3955 gtk_progress_bar_set_fraction (GTK_PROGRESS_BAR (pdata->pbar), 0.0);
3959 /* Callback that toggles the orientation of the progress bar */
3960 static void toggle_orientation( GtkWidget *widget,
3961 ProgressData *pdata )
3963 switch (gtk_progress_bar_get_orientation (GTK_PROGRESS_BAR (pdata->pbar))) {
3964 case GTK_PROGRESS_LEFT_TO_RIGHT:
3965 gtk_progress_bar_set_orientation (GTK_PROGRESS_BAR (pdata->pbar),
3966 GTK_PROGRESS_RIGHT_TO_LEFT);
3968 case GTK_PROGRESS_RIGHT_TO_LEFT:
3969 gtk_progress_bar_set_orientation (GTK_PROGRESS_BAR (pdata->pbar),
3970 GTK_PROGRESS_LEFT_TO_RIGHT);
3978 /* Clean up allocated memory and remove the timer */
3979 static void destroy_progress( GtkWidget *widget,
3980 ProgressData *pdata)
3982 g_source_remove (pdata->timer);
3983 pdata->timer = 0;
3984 pdata->window = NULL;
3992 ProgressData *pdata;
3994 GtkWidget *separator;
4000 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
4002 /* Allocate memory for the data that is passed to the callbacks */
4003 pdata = g_malloc (sizeof (ProgressData));
4005 pdata->window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
4006 gtk_window_set_resizable (GTK_WINDOW (pdata->window), TRUE);
4008 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (pdata->window), "destroy",
4009 G_CALLBACK (destroy_progress),
4011 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (pdata->window), "GtkProgressBar");
4012 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (pdata->window), 0);
4014 vbox = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 5);
4015 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (vbox), 10);
4016 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (pdata->window), vbox);
4017 gtk_widget_show (vbox);
4019 /* Create a centering alignment object */
4020 align = gtk_alignment_new (0.5, 0.5, 0, 0);
4021 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), align, FALSE, FALSE, 5);
4022 gtk_widget_show (align);
4024 /* Create the GtkProgressBar */
4025 pdata->pbar = gtk_progress_bar_new ();
4026 pdata->activity_mode = FALSE;
4028 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (align), pdata->pbar);
4029 gtk_widget_show (pdata->pbar);
4031 /* Add a timer callback to update the value of the progress bar */
4032 pdata->timer = g_timeout_add (100, progress_timeout, pdata);
4034 separator = gtk_hseparator_new ();
4035 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), separator, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
4036 gtk_widget_show (separator);
4038 /* rows, columns, homogeneous */
4039 table = gtk_table_new (2, 3, FALSE);
4040 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), table, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
4041 gtk_widget_show (table);
4043 /* Add a check button to select displaying of the trough text */
4044 check = gtk_check_button_new_with_label ("Show text");
4045 gtk_table_attach (GTK_TABLE (table), check, 0, 1, 0, 1,
4046 GTK_EXPAND | GTK_FILL, GTK_EXPAND | GTK_FILL,
4048 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (check), "clicked",
4049 G_CALLBACK (toggle_show_text),
4051 gtk_widget_show (check);
4053 /* Add a check button to toggle activity mode */
4054 check = gtk_check_button_new_with_label ("Activity mode");
4055 gtk_table_attach (GTK_TABLE (table), check, 0, 1, 1, 2,
4056 GTK_EXPAND | GTK_FILL, GTK_EXPAND | GTK_FILL,
4058 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (check), "clicked",
4059 G_CALLBACK (toggle_activity_mode),
4061 gtk_widget_show (check);
4063 /* Add a check button to toggle orientation */
4064 check = gtk_check_button_new_with_label ("Right to Left");
4065 gtk_table_attach (GTK_TABLE (table), check, 0, 1, 2, 3,
4066 GTK_EXPAND | GTK_FILL, GTK_EXPAND | GTK_FILL,
4068 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (check), "clicked",
4069 G_CALLBACK (toggle_orientation),
4071 gtk_widget_show (check);
4073 /* Add a button to exit the program */
4074 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("close");
4075 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
4076 G_CALLBACK (gtk_widget_destroy),
4077 G_OBJECT (pdata->window));
4078 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), button, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
4080 /* This makes it so the button is the default. */
4081 GTK_WIDGET_SET_FLAGS (button, GTK_CAN_DEFAULT);
4083 /* This grabs this button to be the default button. Simply hitting
4084 * the "Enter" key will cause this button to activate. */
4085 gtk_widget_grab_default (button);
4086 gtk_widget_show (button);
4088 gtk_widget_show (pdata->window);
4094 <!-- example-end -->
4099 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
4100 <sect1 id="sec-Dialogs">
4101 <title>Dialogs</title>
4103 <para>The Dialog widget is very simple, and is actually just a window with a
4104 few things pre-packed into it for you. The structure for a Dialog is:</para>
4106 <programlisting role="C">
4112 GtkWidget *action_area;
4116 <para>So you see, it simply creates a window, and then packs a vbox into the
4117 top, which contains a separator and then an hbox called the
4118 "action_area".</para>
4120 <para>The Dialog widget can be used for pop-up messages to the user, and
4121 other similar tasks. There are two functions to create a new Dialog.</para>
4123 <programlisting role="C">
4124 GtkWidget *gtk_dialog_new( void );
4126 GtkWidget *gtk_dialog_new_with_buttons( const gchar *title,
4128 GtkDialogFlags flags,
4129 const gchar *first_button_text,
4133 <para>The first function will create an empty dialog, and it is now up to you to use
4134 it. You could pack a button in the action_area by doing something like this:</para>
4136 <programlisting role="C">
4138 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (GTK_DIALOG (window)->action_area),
4139 button, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
4140 gtk_widget_show (button);
4143 <para>And you could add to the vbox area by packing, for instance, a label
4144 in it, try something like this:</para>
4146 <programlisting role="C">
4147 label = gtk_label_new ("Dialogs are groovy");
4148 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (GTK_DIALOG (window)->vbox),
4149 label, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
4150 gtk_widget_show (label);
4153 <para>As an example in using the dialog box, you could put two buttons in
4154 the action_area, a Cancel button and an Ok button, and a label in the
4155 vbox area, asking the user a question or giving an error etc. Then
4156 you could attach a different signal to each of the buttons and perform
4157 the operation the user selects.</para>
4159 <para>If the simple functionality provided by the default vertical and
4160 horizontal boxes in the two areas doesn't give you enough control for
4161 your application, then you can simply pack another layout widget into
4162 the boxes provided. For example, you could pack a table into the
4163 vertical box.</para>
4165 <para>The more complicated _new_with_buttons() variant allows to set one or
4166 more of the following flags.</para>
4170 <term><literal>GTK_DIALOG_MODAL</literal></term>
4171 <listitem><para>make the dialog modal.
4175 <term><literal>GTK_DIALOG_DESTROY_WITH_PARENT</literal></term>
4176 <listitem><para>ensures that the dialog window is destroyed together with the specified
4177 parent.</para></listitem>
4180 <term><literal>GTK_DIALOG_NO_SEPARATOR</literal></term>
4181 <listitem><para>omits the separator between the vbox and the action_area.
4187 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
4188 <sect1 id="sec-Rulers">
4189 <title>Rulers</title>
4191 <para>Ruler widgets are used to indicate the location of the mouse pointer
4192 in a given window. A window can have a vertical ruler spanning across
4193 the height and a horizontal ruler spanning down the width. A small
4194 triangular indicator on the ruler shows the exact location of the
4195 pointer relative to the ruler.</para>
4197 <para>A ruler must first be created. Horizontal and vertical rulers are
4198 created using</para>
4200 <programlisting role="C">
4201 GtkWidget *gtk_hruler_new( void ); /* horizontal ruler */
4203 GtkWidget *gtk_vruler_new( void ); /* vertical ruler */
4206 <para>Once a ruler is created, we can define the unit of measurement. Units
4207 of measure for rulers can be <literal>GTK_PIXELS</literal>, <literal>GTK_INCHES</literal> or
4208 <literal>GTK_CENTIMETERS</literal>. This is set using</para>
4210 <programlisting role="C">
4211 void gtk_ruler_set_metric( GtkRuler *ruler,
4212 GtkMetricType metric );
4215 <para>The default measure is <literal>GTK_PIXELS</literal>.</para>
4217 <programlisting role="C">
4218 gtk_ruler_set_metric( GTK_RULER(ruler), GTK_PIXELS );
4221 <para>Other important characteristics of a ruler are how to mark the units
4222 of scale and where the position indicator is initially placed. These
4223 are set for a ruler using</para>
4225 <programlisting role="C">
4226 void gtk_ruler_set_range( GtkRuler *ruler,
4233 <para>The lower and upper arguments define the extent of the ruler, and
4234 max_size is the largest possible number that will be displayed.
4235 Position defines the initial position of the pointer indicator within
4238 <para>A vertical ruler can span an 800 pixel wide window thus</para>
4240 <programlisting role="C">
4241 gtk_ruler_set_range( GTK_RULER(vruler), 0, 800, 0, 800);
4244 <para>The markings displayed on the ruler will be from 0 to 800, with a
4245 number for every 100 pixels. If instead we wanted the ruler to range
4246 from 7 to 16, we would code</para>
4248 <programlisting role="C">
4249 gtk_ruler_set_range( GTK_RULER(vruler), 7, 16, 0, 20);
4252 <para>The indicator on the ruler is a small triangular mark that indicates
4253 the position of the pointer relative to the ruler. If the ruler is
4254 used to follow the mouse pointer, the motion_notify_event signal
4255 should be connected to the motion_notify_event method of the ruler.
4256 To follow all mouse movements within a window area, we would use</para>
4258 <programlisting role="C">
4259 #define EVENT_METHOD(i, x) GTK_WIDGET_GET_CLASS(i)->x
4261 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (area), "motion_notify_event",
4262 G_CALLBACK (EVENT_METHOD (ruler, motion_notify_event)),
4266 <para>The following example creates a drawing area with a horizontal ruler
4267 above it and a vertical ruler to the left of it. The size of the
4268 drawing area is 600 pixels wide by 400 pixels high. The horizontal
4269 ruler spans from 7 to 13 with a mark every 100 pixels, while the
4270 vertical ruler spans from 0 to 400 with a mark every 100 pixels.
4271 Placement of the drawing area and the rulers is done using a table.</para>
4276 <imagedata fileref="images/rulers.png" format="png">
4278 </inlinemediaobject>
4281 <programlisting role="C">
4282 <!-- example-start rulers rulers.c -->
4284 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
4286 #define EVENT_METHOD(i, x) GTK_WIDGET_GET_CLASS(i)->x
4291 /* This routine gets control when the close button is clicked */
4292 static gboolean close_application( GtkWidget *widget,
4300 /* The main routine */
4303 GtkWidget *window, *table, *area, *hrule, *vrule;
4305 /* Initialize GTK and create the main window */
4306 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
4308 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
4309 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "delete_event",
4310 G_CALLBACK (close_application), NULL);
4311 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
4313 /* Create a table for placing the ruler and the drawing area */
4314 table = gtk_table_new (3, 2, FALSE);
4315 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), table);
4317 area = gtk_drawing_area_new ();
4318 gtk_widget_set_size_request (GTK_WIDGET (area), XSIZE, YSIZE);
4319 gtk_table_attach (GTK_TABLE (table), area, 1, 2, 1, 2,
4320 GTK_EXPAND|GTK_FILL, GTK_FILL, 0, 0);
4321 gtk_widget_set_events (area, GDK_POINTER_MOTION_MASK |
4322 GDK_POINTER_MOTION_HINT_MASK);
4324 /* The horizontal ruler goes on top. As the mouse moves across the
4325 * drawing area, a motion_notify_event is passed to the
4326 * appropriate event handler for the ruler. */
4327 hrule = gtk_hruler_new ();
4328 gtk_ruler_set_metric (GTK_RULER (hrule), GTK_PIXELS);
4329 gtk_ruler_set_range (GTK_RULER (hrule), 7, 13, 0, 20);
4330 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (area), "motion_notify_event",
4331 G_CALLBACK (EVENT_METHOD (hrule, motion_notify_event)),
4333 gtk_table_attach (GTK_TABLE (table), hrule, 1, 2, 0, 1,
4334 GTK_EXPAND|GTK_SHRINK|GTK_FILL, GTK_FILL, 0, 0);
4336 /* The vertical ruler goes on the left. As the mouse moves across
4337 * the drawing area, a motion_notify_event is passed to the
4338 * appropriate event handler for the ruler. */
4339 vrule = gtk_vruler_new ();
4340 gtk_ruler_set_metric (GTK_RULER (vrule), GTK_PIXELS);
4341 gtk_ruler_set_range (GTK_RULER (vrule), 0, YSIZE, 10, YSIZE );
4342 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (area), "motion_notify_event",
4343 G_CALLBACK (EVENT_METHOD (vrule, motion_notify_event)),
4345 gtk_table_attach (GTK_TABLE (table), vrule, 0, 1, 1, 2,
4346 GTK_FILL, GTK_EXPAND|GTK_SHRINK|GTK_FILL, 0, 0);
4348 /* Now show everything */
4349 gtk_widget_show (area);
4350 gtk_widget_show (hrule);
4351 gtk_widget_show (vrule);
4352 gtk_widget_show (table);
4353 gtk_widget_show (window);
4358 <!-- example-end -->
4363 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
4364 <sect1 id="sec-Statusbars">
4365 <title>Statusbars</title>
4367 <para>Statusbars are simple widgets used to display a text message. They
4368 keep a stack of the messages pushed onto them, so that popping the
4369 current message will re-display the previous text message.</para>
4371 <para>In order to allow different parts of an application to use the same
4372 statusbar to display messages, the statusbar widget issues Context
4373 Identifiers which are used to identify different "users". The message
4374 on top of the stack is the one displayed, no matter what context it is
4375 in. Messages are stacked in last-in-first-out order, not context
4376 identifier order.</para>
4378 <para>A statusbar is created with a call to:</para>
4380 <programlisting role="C">
4381 GtkWidget *gtk_statusbar_new( void );
4384 <para>A new Context Identifier is requested using a call to the following
4385 function with a short textual description of the context:</para>
4387 <programlisting role="C">
4388 guint gtk_statusbar_get_context_id( GtkStatusbar *statusbar,
4389 const gchar *context_description );
4392 <para>There are three functions that can operate on statusbars:</para>
4394 <programlisting role="C">
4395 guint gtk_statusbar_push( GtkStatusbar *statusbar,
4397 const gchar *text );
4399 void gtk_statusbar_pop( GtkStatusbar *statusbar)
4402 void gtk_statusbar_remove( GtkStatusbar *statusbar,
4407 <para>The first, gtk_statusbar_push(), is used to add a new message to the
4408 statusbar. It returns a Message Identifier, which can be passed later
4409 to the function gtk_statusbar_remove to remove the message with the
4410 given Message and Context Identifiers from the statusbar's stack.</para>
4412 <para>The function gtk_statusbar_pop() removes the message highest in the
4413 stack with the given Context Identifier.</para>
4415 <para>In addition to messages, statusbars may also display a resize grip, which
4416 can be dragged with the mouse to resize the toplevel window containing the statusbar,
4417 similar to dragging the window frame. The following functions control the display
4418 of the resize grip.</para>
4420 <programlisting role="C">
4421 void gtk_statusbar_set_has_resize_grip( GtkStatusbar *statusbar,
4424 gboolean gtk_statusbar_get_has_resize_grip( GtkStatusbar *statusbar );
4427 <para>The following example creates a statusbar and two buttons, one for
4428 pushing items onto the statusbar, and one for popping the last item
4434 <imagedata fileref="images/statusbar.png" format="png">
4436 </inlinemediaobject>
4439 <programlisting role="C">
4440 <!-- example-start statusbar statusbar.c -->
4442 #include <stdlib.h>
4443 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
4444 #include <glib.h>
4446 GtkWidget *status_bar;
4448 static void push_item( GtkWidget *widget,
4451 static int count = 1;
4454 buff = g_strdup_printf ("Item %d", count++);
4455 gtk_statusbar_push (GTK_STATUSBAR (status_bar), GPOINTER_TO_INT (data), buff);
4459 static void pop_item( GtkWidget *widget,
4462 gtk_statusbar_pop (GTK_STATUSBAR (status_bar), GPOINTER_TO_INT (data));
4475 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
4477 /* create a new window */
4478 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
4479 gtk_widget_set_size_request (GTK_WIDGET (window), 200, 100);
4480 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "GTK Statusbar Example");
4481 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "delete_event",
4482 G_CALLBACK (exit), NULL);
4484 vbox = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 1);
4485 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), vbox);
4486 gtk_widget_show (vbox);
4488 status_bar = gtk_statusbar_new ();
4489 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), status_bar, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
4490 gtk_widget_show (status_bar);
4492 context_id = gtk_statusbar_get_context_id(
4493 GTK_STATUSBAR (status_bar), "Statusbar example");
4495 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("push item");
4496 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
4497 G_CALLBACK (push_item), GINT_TO_POINTER (context_id));
4498 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), button, TRUE, TRUE, 2);
4499 gtk_widget_show (button);
4501 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("pop last item");
4502 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
4503 G_CALLBACK (pop_item), GINT_TO_POINTER (context_id));
4504 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), button, TRUE, TRUE, 2);
4505 gtk_widget_show (button);
4507 /* always display the window as the last step so it all splashes on
4508 * the screen at once. */
4509 gtk_widget_show (window);
4515 <!-- example-end -->
4520 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
4521 <sect1 id="sec-TextEntries">
4522 <title>Text Entries</title>
4524 <para>The Entry widget allows text to be typed and displayed in a single line
4525 text box. The text may be set with function calls that allow new text
4526 to replace, prepend or append the current contents of the Entry widget.</para>
4528 <para>Create a new Entry widget with the following function.</para>
4530 <programlisting role="C">
4531 GtkWidget *gtk_entry_new( void );
4534 <para>The next function alters the text which is currently
4535 within the Entry widget.</para>
4537 <programlisting role="C">
4538 void gtk_entry_set_text( GtkEntry *entry,
4539 const gchar *text );
4542 <para>The function gtk_entry_set_text() sets the contents of the Entry widget,
4543 replacing the current contents. Note that the class Entry implements the Editable
4544 interface (yes, gobject supports Java-like interfaces) which contains some more
4545 functions for manipulating the contents.
4548 <para>The contents of the Entry can be retrieved by using a call to the
4549 following function. This is useful in the callback functions described below.</para>
4551 <programlisting role="C">
4552 const gchar *gtk_entry_get_text( GtkEntry *entry );
4555 <para>The value returned by this function is used internally, and must not
4556 be freed using either free() or g_free().</para>
4558 <para>If we don't want the contents of the Entry to be changed by someone typing
4559 into it, we can change its editable state.</para>
4561 <programlisting role="C">
4562 void gtk_editable_set_editable( GtkEditable *entry,
4563 gboolean editable );
4566 <para>The function above allows us to toggle the editable state of the
4567 Entry widget by passing in a TRUE or FALSE value for the <literal>editable</literal>
4570 <para>If we are using the Entry where we don't want the text entered to be
4571 visible, for example when a password is being entered, we can use the
4572 following function, which also takes a boolean flag.</para>
4574 <programlisting role="C">
4575 void gtk_entry_set_visibility( GtkEntry *entry,
4579 <para>A region of the text may be set as selected by using the following
4580 function. This would most often be used after setting some default
4581 text in an Entry, making it easy for the user to remove it.</para>
4583 <programlisting role="C">
4584 void gtk_editable_select_region( GtkEditable *entry,
4589 <para>If we want to catch when the user has entered text, we can connect to
4590 the <literal>activate</literal> or <literal>changed</literal> signal. Activate is raised when the
4591 user hits the enter key within the Entry widget. Changed is raised
4592 when the text changes at all, e.g., for every character entered or
4595 <para>The following code is an example of using an Entry widget.</para>
4600 <imagedata fileref="images/entry.png" format="png">
4602 </inlinemediaobject>
4605 <programlisting role="C">
4606 <!-- example-start entry entry.c -->
4608 #include <stdio.h>
4609 #include <stdlib.h>
4610 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
4612 static void enter_callback( GtkWidget *widget,
4615 const gchar *entry_text;
4616 entry_text = gtk_entry_get_text (GTK_ENTRY (entry));
4617 printf ("Entry contents: %s\n", entry_text);
4620 static void entry_toggle_editable( GtkWidget *checkbutton,
4623 gtk_editable_set_editable (GTK_EDITABLE (entry),
4624 GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (checkbutton)->active);
4627 static void entry_toggle_visibility( GtkWidget *checkbutton,
4630 gtk_entry_set_visibility (GTK_ENTRY (entry),
4631 GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (checkbutton)->active);
4639 GtkWidget *vbox, *hbox;
4645 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
4647 /* create a new window */
4648 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
4649 gtk_widget_set_size_request (GTK_WIDGET (window), 200, 100);
4650 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "GTK Entry");
4651 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
4652 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL);
4653 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (window), "delete_event",
4654 G_CALLBACK (gtk_widget_destroy),
4657 vbox = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);
4658 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), vbox);
4659 gtk_widget_show (vbox);
4661 entry = gtk_entry_new ();
4662 gtk_entry_set_max_length (GTK_ENTRY (entry), 50);
4663 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (entry), "activate",
4664 G_CALLBACK (enter_callback),
4666 gtk_entry_set_text (GTK_ENTRY (entry), "hello");
4667 tmp_pos = GTK_ENTRY (entry)->text_length;
4668 gtk_editable_insert_text (GTK_EDITABLE (entry), " world", -1, &tmp_pos);
4669 gtk_editable_select_region (GTK_EDITABLE (entry),
4670 0, GTK_ENTRY (entry)->text_length);
4671 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), entry, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
4672 gtk_widget_show (entry);
4674 hbox = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 0);
4675 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (vbox), hbox);
4676 gtk_widget_show (hbox);
4678 check = gtk_check_button_new_with_label ("Editable");
4679 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), check, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
4680 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (check), "toggled",
4681 G_CALLBACK (entry_toggle_editable), (gpointer) entry);
4682 gtk_toggle_button_set_active (GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (check), TRUE);
4683 gtk_widget_show (check);
4685 check = gtk_check_button_new_with_label ("Visible");
4686 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), check, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
4687 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (check), "toggled",
4688 G_CALLBACK (entry_toggle_visibility), (gpointer) entry);
4689 gtk_toggle_button_set_active (GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (check), TRUE);
4690 gtk_widget_show (check);
4692 button = gtk_button_new_from_stock (GTK_STOCK_CLOSE);
4693 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
4694 G_CALLBACK (gtk_widget_destroy),
4696 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), button, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
4697 GTK_WIDGET_SET_FLAGS (button, GTK_CAN_DEFAULT);
4698 gtk_widget_grab_default (button);
4699 gtk_widget_show (button);
4701 gtk_widget_show (window);
4707 <!-- example-end -->
4712 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
4713 <sect1 id="sec-SpinButtons">
4714 <title>Spin Buttons</title>
4716 <para>The Spin Button widget is generally used to allow the user to select a
4717 value from a range of numeric values. It consists of a text
4718 entry box with up and down arrow buttons attached to the
4719 side. Selecting one of the buttons causes the value to "spin" up and
4720 down the range of possible values. The entry box may also be edited
4721 directly to enter a specific value.</para>
4723 <para>The Spin Button allows the value to have zero or a number of decimal
4724 places and to be incremented/decremented in configurable steps. The
4725 action of holding down one of the buttons optionally results in an
4726 acceleration of change in the value according to how long it is
4729 <para>The Spin Button uses an <link linkend="ch-Adjustments">Adjustment</link>
4730 object to hold information about the range of values that the spin
4731 button can take. This makes for a powerful Spin Button widget.</para>
4733 <para>Recall that an adjustment widget is created with the following
4734 function, which illustrates the information that it holds:</para>
4736 <programlisting role="C">
4737 GtkObject *gtk_adjustment_new( gdouble value,
4740 gdouble step_increment,
4741 gdouble page_increment,
4742 gdouble page_size );
4745 <para>These attributes of an Adjustment are used by the Spin Button in the
4746 following way:</para>
4749 <listitem><simpara> <literal>value</literal>: initial value for the Spin Button</simpara>
4751 <listitem><simpara> <literal>lower</literal>: lower range value</simpara>
4753 <listitem><simpara> <literal>upper</literal>: upper range value</simpara>
4755 <listitem><simpara> <literal>step_increment</literal>: value to increment/decrement when pressing
4756 mouse button 1 on a button</simpara>
4758 <listitem><simpara> <literal>page_increment</literal>: value to increment/decrement when pressing
4759 mouse button 2 on a button</simpara>
4761 <listitem><simpara> <literal>page_size</literal>: unused</simpara>
4765 <para>Additionally, mouse button 3 can be used to jump directly to the
4766 <literal>upper</literal> or <literal>lower</literal> values when used to select one of the
4767 buttons. Lets look at how to create a Spin Button:</para>
4769 <programlisting role="C">
4770 GtkWidget *gtk_spin_button_new( GtkAdjustment *adjustment,
4775 <para>The <literal>climb_rate</literal> argument take a value between 0.0 and 1.0 and
4776 indicates the amount of acceleration that the Spin Button has. The
4777 <literal>digits</literal> argument specifies the number of decimal places to which
4778 the value will be displayed.</para>
4780 <para>A Spin Button can be reconfigured after creation using the following
4783 <programlisting role="C">
4784 void gtk_spin_button_configure( GtkSpinButton *spin_button,
4785 GtkAdjustment *adjustment,
4790 <para>The <literal>spin_button</literal> argument specifies the Spin Button widget that is
4791 to be reconfigured. The other arguments are as specified above.</para>
4793 <para>The adjustment can be set and retrieved independantly using the
4794 following two functions:</para>
4796 <programlisting role="C">
4797 void gtk_spin_button_set_adjustment( GtkSpinButton *spin_button,
4798 GtkAdjustment *adjustment );
4800 GtkAdjustment *gtk_spin_button_get_adjustment( GtkSpinButton *spin_button );
4803 <para>The number of decimal places can also be altered using:</para>
4805 <programlisting role="C">
4806 void gtk_spin_button_set_digits( GtkSpinButton *spin_button,
4810 <para>The value that a Spin Button is currently displaying can be changed
4811 using the following function:</para>
4813 <programlisting role="C">
4814 void gtk_spin_button_set_value( GtkSpinButton *spin_button,
4818 <para>The current value of a Spin Button can be retrieved as either a
4819 floating point or integer value with the following functions:</para>
4821 <programlisting role="C">
4822 gdouble gtk_spin_button_get_value ( GtkSpinButton *spin_button );
4824 gint gtk_spin_button_get_value_as_int( GtkSpinButton *spin_button );
4827 <para>If you want to alter the value of a Spin Button relative to its current
4828 value, then the following function can be used:</para>
4830 <programlisting role="C">
4831 void gtk_spin_button_spin( GtkSpinButton *spin_button,
4832 GtkSpinType direction,
4833 gdouble increment );
4836 <para>The <literal>direction</literal> parameter can take one of the following values:</para>
4838 <programlisting role="C">
4839 GTK_SPIN_STEP_FORWARD
4840 GTK_SPIN_STEP_BACKWARD
4841 GTK_SPIN_PAGE_FORWARD
4842 GTK_SPIN_PAGE_BACKWARD
4845 GTK_SPIN_USER_DEFINED
4848 <para>This function packs in quite a bit of functionality, which I will
4849 attempt to clearly explain. Many of these settings use values from the
4850 Adjustment object that is associated with a Spin Button.</para>
4852 <para><literal>GTK_SPIN_STEP_FORWARD</literal> and <literal>GTK_SPIN_STEP_BACKWARD</literal> change the
4853 value of the Spin Button by the amount specified by <literal>increment</literal>,
4854 unless <literal>increment</literal> is equal to 0, in which case the value is
4855 changed by the value of <literal>step_increment</literal> in theAdjustment.</para>
4857 <para><literal>GTK_SPIN_PAGE_FORWARD</literal> and <literal>GTK_SPIN_PAGE_BACKWARD</literal> simply
4858 alter the value of the Spin Button by <literal>increment</literal>.</para>
4860 <para><literal>GTK_SPIN_HOME</literal> sets the value of the Spin Button to the bottom of
4861 the Adjustments range.</para>
4863 <para><literal>GTK_SPIN_END</literal> sets the value of the Spin Button to the top of the
4864 Adjustments range.</para>
4866 <para><literal>GTK_SPIN_USER_DEFINED</literal> simply alters the value of the Spin Button
4867 by the specified amount.</para>
4869 <para>We move away from functions for setting and retreving the range attributes
4870 of the Spin Button now, and move onto functions that affect the
4871 appearance and behaviour of the Spin Button widget itself.</para>
4873 <para>The first of these functions is used to constrain the text box of the
4874 Spin Button such that it may only contain a numeric value. This
4875 prevents a user from typing anything other than numeric values into
4876 the text box of a Spin Button:</para>
4878 <programlisting role="C">
4879 void gtk_spin_button_set_numeric( GtkSpinButton *spin_button,
4883 <para>You can set whether a Spin Button will wrap around between the upper
4884 and lower range values with the following function:</para>
4886 <programlisting role="C">
4887 void gtk_spin_button_set_wrap( GtkSpinButton *spin_button,
4891 <para>You can set a Spin Button to round the value to the nearest
4892 <literal>step_increment</literal>, which is set within the Adjustment object used
4893 with the Spin Button. This is accomplished with the following
4896 <programlisting role="C">
4897 void gtk_spin_button_set_snap_to_ticks( GtkSpinButton *spin_button,
4898 gboolean snap_to_ticks );
4901 <para>The update policy of a Spin Button can be changed with the following
4904 <programlisting role="C">
4905 void gtk_spin_button_set_update_policy( GtkSpinButton *spin_button,
4906 GtkSpinButtonUpdatePolicy policy );
4909 <para>The possible values of <literal>policy</literal> are either <literal>GTK_UPDATE_ALWAYS</literal> or
4910 <literal>GTK_UPDATE_IF_VALID</literal>.</para>
4912 <para>These policies affect the behavior of a Spin Button when parsing
4913 inserted text and syncing its value with the values of the
4916 <para>In the case of <literal>GTK_UPDATE_IF_VALID</literal> the Spin Button value only
4917 gets changed if the text input is a numeric value that is within the
4918 range specified by the Adjustment. Otherwise the text is reset to the
4919 current value.</para>
4921 <para>In case of <literal>GTK_UPDATE_ALWAYS</literal> we ignore errors while converting
4922 text into a numeric value.</para>
4924 <para>Finally, you can explicitly request that a Spin Button update itself:</para>
4926 <programlisting role="C">
4927 void gtk_spin_button_update( GtkSpinButton *spin_button );
4930 <para>It's example time again.</para>
4935 <imagedata fileref="images/spinbutton.png" format="png">
4937 </inlinemediaobject>
4940 <programlisting role="C">
4941 <!-- example-start spinbutton spinbutton.c -->
4943 #include <stdio.h>
4944 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
4946 static GtkWidget *spinner1;
4948 static void toggle_snap( GtkWidget *widget,
4949 GtkSpinButton *spin )
4951 gtk_spin_button_set_snap_to_ticks (spin, GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (widget)->active);
4954 static void toggle_numeric( GtkWidget *widget,
4955 GtkSpinButton *spin )
4957 gtk_spin_button_set_numeric (spin, GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (widget)->active);
4960 static void change_digits( GtkWidget *widget,
4961 GtkSpinButton *spin )
4963 gtk_spin_button_set_digits (GTK_SPIN_BUTTON (spinner1),
4964 gtk_spin_button_get_value_as_int (spin));
4967 static void get_value( GtkWidget *widget,
4972 GtkSpinButton *spin;
4974 spin = GTK_SPIN_BUTTON (spinner1);
4975 label = GTK_LABEL (g_object_get_data (G_OBJECT (widget), "user_data"));
4976 if (GPOINTER_TO_INT (data) == 1)
4977 buf = g_strdup_printf ("%d", gtk_spin_button_get_value_as_int (spin));
4979 buf = g_strdup_printf ("%0.*f", spin->digits,
4980 gtk_spin_button_get_value (spin));
4981 gtk_label_set_text (label, buf);
4992 GtkWidget *main_vbox;
4995 GtkWidget *spinner2;
4999 GtkWidget *val_label;
5002 /* Initialise GTK */
5003 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
5005 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
5007 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
5008 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit),
5011 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Spin Button");
5013 main_vbox = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 5);
5014 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (main_vbox), 10);
5015 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), main_vbox);
5017 frame = gtk_frame_new ("Not accelerated");
5018 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (main_vbox), frame, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
5020 vbox = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);
5021 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (vbox), 5);
5022 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (frame), vbox);
5024 /* Day, month, year spinners */
5026 hbox = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 0);
5027 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), hbox, TRUE, TRUE, 5);
5029 vbox2 = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);
5030 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), vbox2, TRUE, TRUE, 5);
5032 label = gtk_label_new ("Day :");
5033 gtk_misc_set_alignment (GTK_MISC (label), 0, 0.5);
5034 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox2), label, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5036 adj = (GtkAdjustment *) gtk_adjustment_new (1.0, 1.0, 31.0, 1.0,
5038 spinner = gtk_spin_button_new (adj, 0, 0);
5039 gtk_spin_button_set_wrap (GTK_SPIN_BUTTON (spinner), TRUE);
5040 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox2), spinner, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5042 vbox2 = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);
5043 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), vbox2, TRUE, TRUE, 5);
5045 label = gtk_label_new ("Month :");
5046 gtk_misc_set_alignment (GTK_MISC (label), 0, 0.5);
5047 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox2), label, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5049 adj = (GtkAdjustment *) gtk_adjustment_new (1.0, 1.0, 12.0, 1.0,
5051 spinner = gtk_spin_button_new (adj, 0, 0);
5052 gtk_spin_button_set_wrap (GTK_SPIN_BUTTON (spinner), TRUE);
5053 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox2), spinner, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5055 vbox2 = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);
5056 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), vbox2, TRUE, TRUE, 5);
5058 label = gtk_label_new ("Year :");
5059 gtk_misc_set_alignment (GTK_MISC (label), 0, 0.5);
5060 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox2), label, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5062 adj = (GtkAdjustment *) gtk_adjustment_new (1998.0, 0.0, 2100.0,
5064 spinner = gtk_spin_button_new (adj, 0, 0);
5065 gtk_spin_button_set_wrap (GTK_SPIN_BUTTON (spinner), FALSE);
5066 gtk_widget_set_size_request (spinner, 55, -1);
5067 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox2), spinner, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5069 frame = gtk_frame_new ("Accelerated");
5070 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (main_vbox), frame, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
5072 vbox = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);
5073 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (vbox), 5);
5074 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (frame), vbox);
5076 hbox = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 0);
5077 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), hbox, FALSE, TRUE, 5);
5079 vbox2 = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);
5080 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), vbox2, TRUE, TRUE, 5);
5082 label = gtk_label_new ("Value :");
5083 gtk_misc_set_alignment (GTK_MISC (label), 0, 0.5);
5084 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox2), label, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5086 adj = (GtkAdjustment *) gtk_adjustment_new (0.0, -10000.0, 10000.0,
5088 spinner1 = gtk_spin_button_new (adj, 1.0, 2);
5089 gtk_spin_button_set_wrap (GTK_SPIN_BUTTON (spinner1), TRUE);
5090 gtk_widget_set_size_request (spinner1, 100, -1);
5091 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox2), spinner1, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5093 vbox2 = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);
5094 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), vbox2, TRUE, TRUE, 5);
5096 label = gtk_label_new ("Digits :");
5097 gtk_misc_set_alignment (GTK_MISC (label), 0, 0.5);
5098 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox2), label, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5100 adj = (GtkAdjustment *) gtk_adjustment_new (2, 1, 5, 1, 1, 0);
5101 spinner2 = gtk_spin_button_new (adj, 0.0, 0);
5102 gtk_spin_button_set_wrap (GTK_SPIN_BUTTON (spinner2), TRUE);
5103 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (adj), "value_changed",
5104 G_CALLBACK (change_digits),
5105 (gpointer) spinner2);
5106 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox2), spinner2, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5108 hbox = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 0);
5109 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), hbox, FALSE, TRUE, 5);
5111 button = gtk_check_button_new_with_label ("Snap to 0.5-ticks");
5112 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
5113 G_CALLBACK (toggle_snap),
5114 (gpointer) spinner1);
5115 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), button, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
5116 gtk_toggle_button_set_active (GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (button), TRUE);
5118 button = gtk_check_button_new_with_label ("Numeric only input mode");
5119 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
5120 G_CALLBACK (toggle_numeric),
5121 (gpointer) spinner1);
5122 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), button, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
5123 gtk_toggle_button_set_active (GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (button), TRUE);
5125 val_label = gtk_label_new ("");
5127 hbox = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 0);
5128 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), hbox, FALSE, TRUE, 5);
5129 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Value as Int");
5130 g_object_set_data (G_OBJECT (button), "user_data", val_label);
5131 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
5132 G_CALLBACK (get_value),
5133 GINT_TO_POINTER (1));
5134 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), button, TRUE, TRUE, 5);
5136 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Value as Float");
5137 g_object_set_data (G_OBJECT (button), "user_data", val_label);
5138 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
5139 G_CALLBACK (get_value),
5140 GINT_TO_POINTER (2));
5141 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), button, TRUE, TRUE, 5);
5143 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), val_label, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
5144 gtk_label_set_text (GTK_LABEL (val_label), "0");
5146 hbox = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 0);
5147 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (main_vbox), hbox, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5149 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Close");
5150 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
5151 G_CALLBACK (gtk_widget_destroy),
5153 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), button, TRUE, TRUE, 5);
5155 gtk_widget_show_all (window);
5157 /* Enter the event loop */
5163 <!-- example-end -->
5168 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
5169 <sect1 id="sec-ComboBox">
5170 <title>Combo Box</title>
5172 <para>The combo box is another fairly simple widget that is really just a
5173 collection of other widgets. From the user's point of view, the widget
5174 consists of a text entry box and a pull down menu from which the user
5175 can select one of a set of predefined entries. Alternatively, the user
5176 can type a different option directly into the text box.</para>
5178 <para>The following extract from the structure that defines a Combo Box
5179 identifies several of the components:</para>
5181 <programlisting role="C">
5192 <para>As you can see, the Combo Box has two principal parts that you really
5193 care about: an entry and a list.</para>
5195 <para>First off, to create a combo box, use:</para>
5197 <programlisting role="C">
5198 GtkWidget *gtk_combo_new( void );
5201 <para>Now, if you want to set the string in the entry section of the combo
5202 box, this is done by manipulating the <literal>entry</literal> widget directly:</para>
5204 <programlisting role="C">
5205 gtk_entry_set_text (GTK_ENTRY (GTK_COMBO (combo)->entry), "My String.");
5208 <para>To set the values in the popdown list, one uses the function:</para>
5210 <programlisting role="C">
5211 void gtk_combo_set_popdown_strings( GtkCombo *combo,
5215 <para>Before you can do this, you have to assemble a GList of the strings
5216 that you want. GList is a linked list implementation that is part of
5217 <link linkend="ch-GLib">GLib</link>, a library supporting GTK. For the
5218 moment, the quick and dirty explanation is that you need to set up a
5219 GList pointer, set it equal to NULL, then append strings to it with</para>
5221 <programlisting role="C">
5222 GList *g_list_append( GList *glist,
5226 <para>It is important that you set the initial GList pointer to NULL. The
5227 value returned from the g_list_append() function must be used as the new
5228 pointer to the GList.</para>
5230 <para>Here's a typical code segment for creating a set of options:</para>
5232 <programlisting role="C">
5233 GList *glist = NULL;
5235 glist = g_list_append (glist, "String 1");
5236 glist = g_list_append (glist, "String 2");
5237 glist = g_list_append (glist, "String 3");
5238 glist = g_list_append (glist, "String 4");
5240 gtk_combo_set_popdown_strings (GTK_COMBO (combo), glist);
5242 /* can free glist now, combo takes a copy */
5245 <para>The combo widget makes a copy of the strings passed to it in the glist
5246 structure. As a result, you need to make sure you free the memory used
5247 by the list if that is appropriate for your application.</para>
5249 <para>At this point you have a working combo box that has been set up.
5250 There are a few aspects of its behavior that you can change. These
5251 are accomplished with the functions: </para>
5253 <programlisting role="C">
5254 void gtk_combo_set_use_arrows( GtkCombo *combo,
5257 void gtk_combo_set_use_arrows_always( GtkCombo *combo,
5260 void gtk_combo_set_case_sensitive( GtkCombo *combo,
5264 <para>gtk_combo_set_use_arrows() lets the user change the value in the
5265 entry using the up/down arrow keys. This doesn't bring up the list, but
5266 rather replaces the current text in the entry with the next list entry
5267 (up or down, as your key choice indicates). It does this by searching
5268 in the list for the item corresponding to the current value in the
5269 entry and selecting the previous/next item accordingly. Usually in an
5270 entry the arrow keys are used to change focus (you can do that anyway
5271 using TAB). Note that when the current item is the last of the list
5272 and you press arrow-down it changes the focus (the same applies with
5273 the first item and arrow-up).</para>
5275 <para>If the current value in the entry is not in the list, then the
5276 function of gtk_combo_set_use_arrows() is disabled.</para>
5278 <para>gtk_combo_set_use_arrows_always() similarly allows the use the
5279 the up/down arrow keys to cycle through the choices in the dropdown
5280 list, except that it wraps around the values in the list, completely
5281 disabling the use of the up and down arrow keys for changing focus.</para>
5283 <para>gtk_combo_set_case_sensitive() toggles whether or not GTK
5284 searches for entries in a case sensitive manner. This is used when the
5285 Combo widget is asked to find a value from the list using the current
5286 entry in the text box. This completion can be performed in either a
5287 case sensitive or insensitive manner, depending upon the use of this
5288 function. The Combo widget can also simply complete the current entry
5289 if the user presses the key combination MOD-1 and "Tab". MOD-1 is
5290 often mapped to the "Alt" key, by the <literal>xmodmap</literal> utility. Note,
5291 however that some window managers also use this key combination, which
5292 will override its use within GTK.</para>
5294 <para>Now that we have a combo box, tailored to look and act how we want it,
5295 all that remains is being able to get data from the combo box. This is
5296 relatively straightforward. The majority of the time, all you are
5297 going to care about getting data from is the entry. The entry is
5298 accessed simply by <literal>GTK_ENTRY (GTK_COMBO (combo)->entry)</literal>. The
5299 two principal things that you are going to want to do with it are
5300 connect to the activate signal, which indicates that the user has
5301 pressed the Return or Enter key, and read the text. The first is
5302 accomplished using something like:</para>
5304 <programlisting role="C">
5305 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (GTK_COMBO (combo)->entry), "activate",
5306 G_CALLBACK (my_callback_function), (gpointer) my_data);
5309 <para>Getting the text at any arbitrary time is accomplished by simply using
5310 the entry function:</para>
5312 <programlisting role="C">
5313 gchar *gtk_entry_get_text( GtkEntry *entry );
5316 <para>Such as:</para>
5318 <programlisting role="C">
5321 string = gtk_entry_get_text (GTK_ENTRY (GTK_COMBO (combo)->entry));
5324 <para>That's about all there is to it. There is a function</para>
5326 <programlisting role="C">
5327 void gtk_combo_disable_activate( GtkCombo *combo );
5330 <para>that will disable the activate signal on the entry widget in the combo
5331 box. Personally, I can't think of why you'd want to use it, but it
5334 <!-- There is also a function to set the string on a particular item, void
5335 gtk_combo_set_item_string(GtkCombo *combo, GtkItem *item, const gchar
5336 *item_value), but this requires that you have a pointer to the
5337 appropriate Item. Frankly, I have no idea how to do that.
5342 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
5343 <sect1 id="sec-Calendar">
5344 <title>Calendar</title>
5346 <para>The Calendar widget is an effective way to display and retrieve
5347 monthly date related information. It is a very simple widget to create
5348 and work with.</para>
5350 <para>Creating a GtkCalendar widget is a simple as: </para>
5352 <programlisting role="C">
5353 GtkWidget *gtk_calendar_new( void );
5356 <para>There might be times where you need to change a lot of information
5357 within this widget and the following functions allow you to make
5358 multiple change to a Calendar widget without the user seeing multiple
5359 on-screen updates.</para>
5361 <programlisting role="C">
5362 void gtk_calendar_freeze( GtkCalendar *Calendar );
5364 void gtk_calendar_thaw( GtkCalendar *Calendar );
5367 <para>They work just like the freeze/thaw functions of every other
5370 <para>The Calendar widget has a few options that allow you to change the way
5371 the widget both looks and operates by using the function</para>
5373 <programlisting role="C">
5374 void gtk_calendar_display_options( GtkCalendar *calendar,
5375 GtkCalendarDisplayOptions flags );
5378 <para>The <literal>flags</literal> argument can be formed by combining either of the
5379 following five options using the logical bitwise OR (|) operation:</para>
5383 <term><literal>GTK_CALENDAR_SHOW_HEADING</literal></term>
5384 <listitem><para>this option specifies that the month and year should be shown
5385 when drawing the calendar.</para>
5389 <term><literal>GTK_CALENDAR_SHOW_DAY_NAMES</literal></term>
5390 <listitem><para>this option specifies that the three letter descriptions should
5391 be displayed for each day (eg Mon,Tue, etc.).</para>
5395 <term><literal>GTK_CALENDAR_NO_MONTH_CHANGE</literal></term>
5396 <listitem><para>this option states that the user
5397 should not and can not change the currently displayed month. This can
5398 be good if you only need to display a particular month such as if you
5399 are displaying 12 calendar widgets for every month in a particular
5404 <term><literal>GTK_CALENDAR_SHOW_WEEK_NUMBERS</literal></term>
5405 <listitem><para>this option specifies that the
5406 number for each week should be displayed down the left side of the
5407 calendar. (eg. Jan 1 = Week 1,Dec 31 = Week 52).</para>
5411 <term><literal>GTK_CALENDAR_WEEK_START_MONDAY</literal></term>
5412 <listitem><para>this option states that the
5413 calander week will start on Monday instead of Sunday which is the
5414 default. This only affects the order in which days are displayed from
5415 left to right.</para>
5420 <para>The following functions are used to set the the currently displayed
5423 <programlisting role="C">
5424 gint gtk_calendar_select_month( GtkCalendar *calendar,
5428 void gtk_calendar_select_day( GtkCalendar *calendar,
5432 <para>The return value from <literal>gtk_calendar_select_month()</literal> is a boolean
5433 value indicating whether the selection was successful.</para>
5435 <para>With <literal>gtk_calendar_select_day()</literal> the specified day number is
5436 selected within the current month, if that is possible. A
5437 <literal>day</literal> value of 0 will deselect any current selection.</para>
5439 <para>In addition to having a day selected, any number of days in the month
5440 may be "marked". A marked day is highlighted within the calendar
5441 display. The following functions are provided to manipulate marked
5444 <programlisting role="C">
5445 gint gtk_calendar_mark_day( GtkCalendar *calendar,
5448 gint gtk_calendar_unmark_day( GtkCalendar *calendar,
5451 void gtk_calendar_clear_marks( GtkCalendar *calendar);
5454 <para>The currently marked days are stored within an array within the
5455 GtkCalendar structure. This array is 31 elements long so to test
5456 whether a particular day is currently marked, you need to access the
5457 corresponding element of the array (don't forget in C that array
5458 elements are numbered 0 to n-1). For example:</para>
5460 <programlisting role="C">
5461 GtkCalendar *calendar;
5462 calendar = gtk_calendar_new ();
5466 /* Is day 7 marked? */
5467 if (calendar->marked_date[7-1])
5471 <para>Note that marks are persistent across month and year changes.</para>
5473 <para>The final Calendar widget function is used to retrieve the currently
5474 selected date, month and/or year.</para>
5476 <programlisting role="C">
5477 void gtk_calendar_get_date( GtkCalendar *calendar,
5483 <para>This function requires you to pass the addresses of <literal>guint</literal>
5484 variables, into which the result will be placed. Passing <literal>NULL</literal> as
5485 a value will result in the corresponding value not being returned.</para>
5487 <para>The Calendar widget can generate a number of signals indicating date
5488 selection and change. The names of these signals are self explanatory,
5492 <listitem><simpara> <literal>month_changed</literal></simpara>
5494 <listitem><simpara> <literal>day_selected</literal></simpara>
5496 <listitem><simpara> <literal>day_selected_double_click</literal></simpara>
5498 <listitem><simpara> <literal>prev_month</literal></simpara>
5500 <listitem><simpara> <literal>next_month</literal></simpara>
5502 <listitem><simpara> <literal>prev_year</literal></simpara>
5504 <listitem><simpara> <literal>next_year</literal></simpara>
5508 <para>That just leaves us with the need to put all of this together into
5509 example code.</para>
5514 <imagedata fileref="images/calendar.png" format="png">
5516 </inlinemediaobject>
5519 <programlisting role="C">
5520 <!-- example-start calendar calendar.c -->
5522 * Copyright (C) 1998 Cesar Miquel, Shawn T. Amundson, Mattias Gr�nlund
5523 * Copyright (C) 2000 Tony Gale
5525 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
5526 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
5527 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
5528 * (at your option) any later version.
5530 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
5531 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
5532 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
5533 * GNU General Public License for more details.
5535 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
5536 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
5537 * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
5540 #include <stdio.h>
5541 #include <string.h>
5542 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
5545 #define DEF_PAD_SMALL 5
5547 #define TM_YEAR_BASE 1900
5549 typedef struct _CalendarData {
5550 GtkWidget *flag_checkboxes[5];
5551 gboolean settings[5];
5552 GtkWidget *font_dialog;
5554 GtkWidget *prev2_sig;
5555 GtkWidget *prev_sig;
5556 GtkWidget *last_sig;
5561 calendar_show_header,
5563 calendar_month_change,
5565 calendar_monday_first
5572 static void calendar_date_to_string( CalendarData *data,
5577 guint year, month, day;
5579 gtk_calendar_get_date (GTK_CALENDAR (data->window),
5580 &year, &month, &day);
5581 g_date_set_dmy (&date, day, month + 1, year);
5582 g_date_strftime (buffer, buff_len - 1, "%x", &date);
5586 static void calendar_set_signal_strings( char *sig_str,
5587 CalendarData *data )
5589 const gchar *prev_sig;
5591 prev_sig = gtk_label_get_text (GTK_LABEL (data->prev_sig));
5592 gtk_label_set_text (GTK_LABEL (data->prev2_sig), prev_sig);
5594 prev_sig = gtk_label_get_text (GTK_LABEL (data->last_sig));
5595 gtk_label_set_text (GTK_LABEL (data->prev_sig), prev_sig);
5596 gtk_label_set_text (GTK_LABEL (data->last_sig), sig_str);
5599 static void calendar_month_changed( GtkWidget *widget,
5600 CalendarData *data )
5602 char buffer[256] = "month_changed: ";
5604 calendar_date_to_string (data, buffer + 15, 256 - 15);
5605 calendar_set_signal_strings (buffer, data);
5608 static void calendar_day_selected( GtkWidget *widget,
5609 CalendarData *data )
5611 char buffer[256] = "day_selected: ";
5613 calendar_date_to_string (data, buffer + 14, 256 - 14);
5614 calendar_set_signal_strings (buffer, data);
5617 static void calendar_day_selected_double_click ( GtkWidget *widget,
5618 CalendarData *data )
5620 char buffer[256] = "day_selected_double_click: ";
5623 calendar_date_to_string (data, buffer + 27, 256 - 27);
5624 calendar_set_signal_strings (buffer, data);
5626 gtk_calendar_get_date (GTK_CALENDAR (data->window),
5627 NULL, NULL, &day);
5629 if (GTK_CALENDAR (data->window)->marked_date[day-1] == 0) {
5630 gtk_calendar_mark_day (GTK_CALENDAR (data->window), day);
5632 gtk_calendar_unmark_day (GTK_CALENDAR (data->window), day);
5636 static void calendar_prev_month( GtkWidget *widget,
5637 CalendarData *data )
5639 char buffer[256] = "prev_month: ";
5641 calendar_date_to_string (data, buffer + 12, 256 - 12);
5642 calendar_set_signal_strings (buffer, data);
5645 static void calendar_next_month( GtkWidget *widget,
5646 CalendarData *data )
5648 char buffer[256] = "next_month: ";
5650 calendar_date_to_string (data, buffer + 12, 256 - 12);
5651 calendar_set_signal_strings (buffer, data);
5654 static void calendar_prev_year( GtkWidget *widget,
5655 CalendarData *data )
5657 char buffer[256] = "prev_year: ";
5659 calendar_date_to_string (data, buffer + 11, 256 - 11);
5660 calendar_set_signal_strings (buffer, data);
5663 static void calendar_next_year( GtkWidget *widget,
5664 CalendarData *data )
5666 char buffer[256] = "next_year: ";
5668 calendar_date_to_string (data, buffer + 11, 256 - 11);
5669 calendar_set_signal_strings (buffer, data);
5673 static void calendar_set_flags( CalendarData *calendar )
5677 for (i = 0;i < 5; i++)
5678 if (calendar->settings[i])
5680 options = options + (1 << i);
5682 if (calendar->window)
5683 gtk_calendar_display_options (GTK_CALENDAR (calendar->window), options);
5686 static void calendar_toggle_flag( GtkWidget *toggle,
5687 CalendarData *calendar)
5692 for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
5693 if (calendar->flag_checkboxes[i] == toggle)
5696 calendar->settings[j] = !calendar->settings[j];
5697 calendar_set_flags (calendar);
5701 static void calendar_font_selection_ok( GtkWidget *button,
5702 CalendarData *calendar )
5707 if (calendar->window)
5709 font_name = gtk_font_selection_dialog_get_font_name (GTK_FONT_SELECTION_DIALOG (calendar->font_dialog));
5712 style = gtk_rc_style_new ();
5713 pango_font_description_free (style->font_desc);
5714 style->font_desc = pango_font_description_from_string (font_name);
5715 gtk_widget_modify_style (calendar->window, style);
5720 gtk_widget_destroy (calendar->font_dialog);
5723 static void calendar_select_font( GtkWidget *button,
5724 CalendarData *calendar )
5728 if (!calendar->font_dialog) {
5729 window = gtk_font_selection_dialog_new ("Font Selection Dialog");
5730 g_return_if_fail (GTK_IS_FONT_SELECTION_DIALOG (window));
5731 calendar->font_dialog = window;
5733 gtk_window_set_position (GTK_WINDOW (window), GTK_WIN_POS_MOUSE);
5735 g_signal_connect (window, "destroy",
5736 G_CALLBACK (gtk_widget_destroyed),
5737 &calendar->font_dialog);
5739 g_signal_connect (GTK_FONT_SELECTION_DIALOG (window)->ok_button,
5740 "clicked", G_CALLBACK (calendar_font_selection_ok),
5742 g_signal_connect_swapped (GTK_FONT_SELECTION_DIALOG (window)->cancel_button,
5743 "clicked", G_CALLBACK (gtk_widget_destroy),
5744 calendar->font_dialog);
5746 window = calendar->font_dialog;
5747 if (!GTK_WIDGET_VISIBLE (window))
5748 gtk_widget_show (window);
5750 gtk_widget_destroy (window);
5754 static void create_calendar( void )
5757 GtkWidget *vbox, *vbox2, *vbox3;
5760 GtkWidget *calendar;
5764 GtkWidget *separator;
5767 static CalendarData calendar_data;
5775 { "Show Day Names" },
5776 { "No Month Change" },
5777 { "Show Week Numbers" },
5778 { "Week Start Monday" }
5782 calendar_data.window = NULL;
5783 calendar_data.font_dialog = NULL;
5785 for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
5786 calendar_data.settings[i] = 0;
5789 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
5790 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "GtkCalendar Example");
5791 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 5);
5792 g_signal_connect (window, "destroy",
5793 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit),
5795 g_signal_connect (window, "delete-event",
5796 G_CALLBACK (gtk_false),
5798 gtk_window_set_resizable (GTK_WINDOW (window), FALSE);
5800 vbox = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, DEF_PAD);
5801 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), vbox);
5804 * The top part of the window, Calendar, flags and fontsel.
5807 hbox = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, DEF_PAD);
5808 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), hbox, TRUE, TRUE, DEF_PAD);
5809 hbbox = gtk_hbutton_box_new ();
5810 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), hbbox, FALSE, FALSE, DEF_PAD);
5811 gtk_button_box_set_layout (GTK_BUTTON_BOX (hbbox), GTK_BUTTONBOX_SPREAD);
5812 gtk_box_set_spacing (GTK_BOX (hbbox), 5);
5814 /* Calendar widget */
5815 frame = gtk_frame_new ("Calendar");
5816 gtk_box_pack_start(GTK_BOX (hbbox), frame, FALSE, TRUE, DEF_PAD);
5817 calendar=gtk_calendar_new ();
5818 calendar_data.window = calendar;
5819 calendar_set_flags (&calendar_data);
5820 gtk_calendar_mark_day (GTK_CALENDAR (calendar), 19);
5821 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (frame), calendar);
5822 g_signal_connect (calendar, "month_changed",
5823 G_CALLBACK (calendar_month_changed),
5824 &calendar_data);
5825 g_signal_connect (calendar, "day_selected",
5826 G_CALLBACK (calendar_day_selected),
5827 &calendar_data);
5828 g_signal_connect (calendar, "day_selected_double_click",
5829 G_CALLBACK (calendar_day_selected_double_click),
5830 &calendar_data);
5831 g_signal_connect (calendar, "prev_month",
5832 G_CALLBACK (calendar_prev_month),
5833 &calendar_data);
5834 g_signal_connect (calendar, "next_month",
5835 G_CALLBACK (calendar_next_month),
5836 &calendar_data);
5837 g_signal_connect (calendar, "prev_year",
5838 G_CALLBACK (calendar_prev_year),
5839 &calendar_data);
5840 g_signal_connect (calendar, "next_year",
5841 G_CALLBACK (calendar_next_year),
5842 &calendar_data);
5845 separator = gtk_vseparator_new ();
5846 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), separator, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5848 vbox2 = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, DEF_PAD);
5849 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), vbox2, FALSE, FALSE, DEF_PAD);
5851 /* Build the Right frame with the flags in */
5853 frame = gtk_frame_new ("Flags");
5854 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox2), frame, TRUE, TRUE, DEF_PAD);
5855 vbox3 = gtk_vbox_new (TRUE, DEF_PAD_SMALL);
5856 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (frame), vbox3);
5858 for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
5860 toggle = gtk_check_button_new_with_label (flags[i].label);
5861 g_signal_connect (toggle,
5863 G_CALLBACK (calendar_toggle_flag),
5864 &calendar_data);
5865 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox3), toggle, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
5866 calendar_data.flag_checkboxes[i] = toggle;
5868 /* Build the right font-button */
5869 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Font...");
5870 g_signal_connect (button,
5872 G_CALLBACK (calendar_select_font),
5873 &calendar_data);
5874 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox2), button, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
5877 * Build the Signal-event part.
5880 frame = gtk_frame_new ("Signal events");
5881 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), frame, TRUE, TRUE, DEF_PAD);
5883 vbox2 = gtk_vbox_new (TRUE, DEF_PAD_SMALL);
5884 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (frame), vbox2);
5886 hbox = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 3);
5887 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox2), hbox, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5888 label = gtk_label_new ("Signal:");
5889 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), label, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5890 calendar_data.last_sig = gtk_label_new ("");
5891 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), calendar_data.last_sig, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5893 hbox = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 3);
5894 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox2), hbox, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5895 label = gtk_label_new ("Previous signal:");
5896 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), label, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5897 calendar_data.prev_sig = gtk_label_new ("");
5898 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), calendar_data.prev_sig, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5900 hbox = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 3);
5901 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox2), hbox, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5902 label = gtk_label_new ("Second previous signal:");
5903 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), label, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5904 calendar_data.prev2_sig = gtk_label_new ("");
5905 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox), calendar_data.prev2_sig, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
5907 bbox = gtk_hbutton_box_new ();
5908 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), bbox, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
5909 gtk_button_box_set_layout (GTK_BUTTON_BOX (bbox), GTK_BUTTONBOX_END);
5911 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Close");
5912 g_signal_connect (button, "clicked",
5913 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit),
5915 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (bbox), button);
5916 GTK_WIDGET_SET_FLAGS (button, GTK_CAN_DEFAULT);
5917 gtk_widget_grab_default (button);
5919 gtk_widget_show_all (window);
5926 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
5934 <!-- example-end -->
5939 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
5940 <sect1 id="sec-ColorSelection">
5941 <title>Color Selection</title>
5943 <para>The color selection widget is, not surprisingly, a widget for
5944 interactive selection of colors. This composite widget lets the user
5945 select a color by manipulating RGB (Red, Green, Blue) and HSV (Hue,
5946 Saturation, Value) triples. This is done either by adjusting single
5947 values with sliders or entries, or by picking the desired color from a
5948 hue-saturation wheel/value bar. Optionally, the opacity of the color
5949 can also be set.</para>
5951 <para>The color selection widget currently emits only one signal,
5952 "color_changed", which is emitted whenever the current color in the
5953 widget changes, either when the user changes it or if it's set
5954 explicitly through gtk_color_selection_set_color().</para>
5956 <para>Lets have a look at what the color selection widget has to offer
5957 us. The widget comes in two flavours: GtkColorSelection and
5958 GtkColorSelectionDialog.</para>
5960 <programlisting role="C">
5961 GtkWidget *gtk_color_selection_new( void );
5964 <para>You'll probably not be using this constructor directly. It creates an
5965 orphan ColorSelection widget which you'll have to parent
5966 yourself. The ColorSelection widget inherits from the VBox
5969 <programlisting role="C">
5970 GtkWidget *gtk_color_selection_dialog_new( const gchar *title );
5973 <para>This is the most common color selection constructor. It creates a
5974 ColorSelectionDialog. It consists of a Frame containing a
5975 ColorSelection widget, an HSeparator and an HBox with three buttons,
5976 "Ok", "Cancel" and "Help". You can reach these buttons by accessing
5977 the "ok_button", "cancel_button" and "help_button" widgets in the
5978 ColorSelectionDialog structure,
5979 (i.e., <literal>GTK_COLOR_SELECTION_DIALOG (colorseldialog)->ok_button</literal>)).</para>
5981 <programlisting role="C">
5982 void gtk_color_selection_set_has_opacity_control( GtkColorSelection *colorsel,
5983 gboolean has_opacity );
5986 <para>The color selection widget supports adjusting the opacity of a color
5987 (also known as the alpha channel). This is disabled by
5988 default. Calling this function with has_opacity set to TRUE enables
5989 opacity. Likewise, has_opacity set to FALSE will disable opacity.</para>
5991 <programlisting role="C">
5992 void gtk_color_selection_set_current_color( GtkColorSelection *colorsel,
5995 void gtk_color_selection_set_current_alpha( GtkColorSelection *colorsel,
5999 <para>You can set the current color explicitly by calling
6000 gtk_color_selection_set_current_color() with a pointer to a GdkColor.
6001 Setting the opacity (alpha channel) is done with
6002 gtk_color_selection_set_current_alpha(). The alpha value should be between
6003 0 (fully transparent) and 65535 (fully opaque).
6006 <programlisting role="C">
6007 void gtk_color_selection_get_current_color( GtkColorSelection *colorsel,
6010 void gtk_color_selection_get_current_alpha( GtkColorSelection *colorsel,
6014 <para>When you need to query the current color, typically when you've
6015 received a "color_changed" signal, you use these functions.</para>
6017 <para><!-- Need to do a whole section on DnD - TRG
6019 -------------</para>
6021 <para>The color sample areas (right under the hue-saturation wheel) supports
6022 drag and drop. The type of drag and drop is "application/x-color". The
6023 message data consists of an array of 4 (or 5 if opacity is enabled)
6024 gdouble values, where the value at position 0 is 0.0 (opacity on) or
6025 1.0 (opacity off) followed by the red, green and blue values at
6026 positions 1,2 and 3 respectively. If opacity is enabled, the opacity
6027 is passed in the value at position 4.
6030 <para>Here's a simple example demonstrating the use of the
6031 ColorSelectionDialog. The program displays a window containing a
6032 drawing area. Clicking on it opens a color selection dialog, and
6033 changing the color in the color selection dialog changes the
6034 background color.</para>
6039 <imagedata fileref="images/colorsel.png" format="png">
6041 </inlinemediaobject>
6044 <programlisting role="C">
6045 <!-- example-start colorsel colorsel.c -->
6047 #include <glib.h>
6048 #include <gdk/gdk.h>
6049 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
6051 GtkWidget *colorseldlg = NULL;
6052 GtkWidget *drawingarea = NULL;
6055 /* Color changed handler */
6057 static void color_changed_cb( GtkWidget *widget,
6058 GtkColorSelection *colorsel )
6062 gtk_color_selection_get_current_color (colorsel, &ncolor);
6063 gtk_widget_modify_bg (drawingarea, GTK_STATE_NORMAL, &ncolor);
6066 /* Drawingarea event handler */
6068 static gboolean area_event( GtkWidget *widget,
6070 gpointer client_data )
6072 gint handled = FALSE;
6074 GtkColorSelection *colorsel;
6076 /* Check if we've received a button pressed event */
6078 if (event->type == GDK_BUTTON_PRESS)
6082 /* Create color selection dialog */
6083 if (colorseldlg == NULL)
6084 colorseldlg = gtk_color_selection_dialog_new ("Select background color");
6086 /* Get the ColorSelection widget */
6087 colorsel = GTK_COLOR_SELECTION (GTK_COLOR_SELECTION_DIALOG (colorseldlg)->colorsel);
6089 gtk_color_selection_set_previous_color (colorsel, &color);
6090 gtk_color_selection_set_current_color (colorsel, &color);
6091 gtk_color_selection_set_has_palette (colorsel, TRUE);
6093 /* Connect to the "color_changed" signal, set the client-data
6094 * to the colorsel widget */
6095 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (colorsel), "color_changed",
6096 G_CALLBACK (color_changed_cb), (gpointer) colorsel);
6098 /* Show the dialog */
6099 response = gtk_dialog_run (GTK_DIALOG (colorseldlg));
6101 if (response == GTK_RESPONSE_OK)
6102 gtk_color_selection_get_current_color (colorsel, &color);
6104 gtk_widget_modify_bg (drawingarea, GTK_STATE_NORMAL, &color);
6106 gtk_widget_hide (colorseldlg);
6112 /* Close down and exit handler */
6114 static gboolean destroy_window( GtkWidget *widget,
6116 gpointer client_data )
6124 gint main( gint argc,
6129 /* Initialize the toolkit, remove gtk-related commandline stuff */
6131 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
6133 /* Create toplevel window, set title and policies */
6135 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
6136 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Color selection test");
6137 gtk_window_set_policy (GTK_WINDOW (window), TRUE, TRUE, TRUE);
6139 /* Attach to the "delete" and "destroy" events so we can exit */
6141 g_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT (window), "delete_event",
6142 GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (destroy_window), (gpointer) window);
6144 /* Create drawingarea, set size and catch button events */
6146 drawingarea = gtk_drawing_area_new ();
6151 gtk_widget_modify_bg (drawingarea, GTK_STATE_NORMAL, &color);
6153 gtk_widget_set_size_request (GTK_WIDGET (drawingarea), 200, 200);
6155 gtk_widget_set_events (drawingarea, GDK_BUTTON_PRESS_MASK);
6157 g_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT (drawingarea), "event",
6158 GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (area_event), (gpointer) drawingarea);
6160 /* Add drawingarea to window, then show them both */
6162 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), drawingarea);
6164 gtk_widget_show (drawingarea);
6165 gtk_widget_show (window);
6167 /* Enter the gtk main loop (this never returns) */
6171 /* Satisfy grumpy compilers */
6175 <!-- example-end -->
6180 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
6181 <sect1 id="sec-FileSelections">
6182 <title>File Selections</title>
6184 <para>The file selection widget is a quick and simple way to display a File
6185 dialog box. It comes complete with Ok, Cancel, and Help buttons, a
6186 great way to cut down on programming time.</para>
6188 <para>To create a new file selection box use:</para>
6190 <programlisting role="C">
6191 GtkWidget *gtk_file_selection_new( const gchar *title );
6194 <para>To set the filename, for example to bring up a specific directory, or
6195 give a default filename, use this function:</para>
6197 <programlisting role="C">
6198 void gtk_file_selection_set_filename( GtkFileSelection *filesel,
6199 const gchar *filename );
6202 <para>To grab the text that the user has entered or clicked on, use this
6205 <programlisting role="C">
6206 gchar *gtk_file_selection_get_filename( GtkFileSelection *filesel );
6209 <para>There are also pointers to the widgets contained within the file
6210 selection widget. These are:</para>
6212 <programlisting role="C">
6223 <para>Most likely you will want to use the ok_button, cancel_button, and
6224 help_button pointers in signaling their use.</para>
6226 <para>Included here is an example stolen from <filename>testgtk.c</filename>,
6227 modified to run on its own. As you will see, there is nothing much to creating a file
6228 selection widget. While in this example the Help button appears on the
6229 screen, it does nothing as there is not a signal attached to it.</para>
6234 <imagedata fileref="images/filesel.png" format="png">
6236 </inlinemediaobject>
6239 <programlisting role="C">
6240 <!-- example-start filesel filesel.c -->
6242 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
6244 /* Get the selected filename and print it to the console */
6245 static void file_ok_sel( GtkWidget *w,
6246 GtkFileSelection *fs )
6248 g_print ("%s\n", gtk_file_selection_get_filename (GTK_FILE_SELECTION (fs)));
6256 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
6258 /* Create a new file selection widget */
6259 filew = gtk_file_selection_new ("File selection");
6261 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (filew), "destroy",
6262 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL);
6263 /* Connect the ok_button to file_ok_sel function */
6264 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (GTK_FILE_SELECTION (filew)->ok_button),
6265 "clicked", G_CALLBACK (file_ok_sel), (gpointer) filew);
6267 /* Connect the cancel_button to destroy the widget */
6268 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (GTK_FILE_SELECTION (filew)->cancel_button),
6269 "clicked", G_CALLBACK (gtk_widget_destroy),
6272 /* Lets set the filename, as if this were a save dialog, and we are giving
6273 a default filename */
6274 gtk_file_selection_set_filename (GTK_FILE_SELECTION(filew),
6277 gtk_widget_show (filew);
6281 <!-- example-end -->
6287 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
6288 <chapter id="ch-ContainerWidgets">
6289 <title>Container Widgets</title>
6291 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
6292 <sect1 id="sec-EventBox">
6293 <title>The EventBox</title>
6295 <para>Some GTK widgets don't have associated X windows, so they just draw on
6296 their parents. Because of this, they cannot receive events and if they
6297 are incorrectly sized, they don't clip so you can get messy
6298 overwriting, etc. If you require more from these widgets, the EventBox
6301 <para>At first glance, the EventBox widget might appear to be totally
6302 useless. It draws nothing on the screen and responds to no
6303 events. However, it does serve a function - it provides an X window
6304 for its child widget. This is important as many GTK widgets do not
6305 have an associated X window. Not having an X window saves memory and
6306 improves performance, but also has some drawbacks. A widget without an
6307 X window cannot receive events, and does not perform any clipping on
6308 its contents. Although the name <emphasis>EventBox</emphasis> emphasizes the
6309 event-handling function, the widget can also be used for clipping.
6310 (and more, see the example below).</para>
6312 <para>To create a new EventBox widget, use:</para>
6314 <programlisting role="C">
6315 GtkWidget *gtk_event_box_new( void );
6318 <para>A child widget can then be added to this EventBox:</para>
6320 <programlisting role="C">
6321 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (event_box), child_widget);
6324 <para>The following example demonstrates both uses of an EventBox - a label
6325 is created that is clipped to a small box, and set up so that a
6326 mouse-click on the label causes the program to exit. Resizing the
6327 window reveals varying amounts of the label.</para>
6332 <imagedata fileref="images/eventbox.png" format="png">
6334 </inlinemediaobject>
6337 <programlisting role="C">
6338 <!-- example-start eventbox eventbox.c -->
6340 #include <stdlib.h>
6341 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
6347 GtkWidget *event_box;
6350 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
6352 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
6354 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Event Box");
6356 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
6357 G_CALLBACK (exit), NULL);
6359 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
6361 /* Create an EventBox and add it to our toplevel window */
6363 event_box = gtk_event_box_new ();
6364 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), event_box);
6365 gtk_widget_show (event_box);
6367 /* Create a long label */
6369 label = gtk_label_new ("Click here to quit, quit, quit, quit, quit");
6370 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (event_box), label);
6371 gtk_widget_show (label);
6373 /* Clip it short. */
6374 gtk_widget_set_size_request (label, 110, 20);
6376 /* And bind an action to it */
6377 gtk_widget_set_events (event_box, GDK_BUTTON_PRESS_MASK);
6378 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (event_box), "button_press_event",
6379 G_CALLBACK (exit), NULL);
6381 /* Yet one more thing you need an X window for ... */
6383 gtk_widget_realize (event_box);
6384 gdk_window_set_cursor (event_box->window, gdk_cursor_new (GDK_HAND1));
6386 gtk_widget_show (window);
6392 <!-- example-end -->
6397 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
6398 <sect1 id="sec-TheAlignmentWidget">
6399 <title>The Alignment widget</title>
6401 <para>The alignment widget allows you to place a widget within its window at
6402 a position and size relative to the size of the Alignment widget
6403 itself. For example, it can be very useful for centering a widget
6404 within the window.</para>
6406 <para>There are only two functions associated with the Alignment widget:</para>
6408 <programlisting role="C">
6409 GtkWidget* gtk_alignment_new( gfloat xalign,
6414 void gtk_alignment_set( GtkAlignment *alignment,
6421 <para>The first function creates a new Alignment widget with the specified
6422 parameters. The second function allows the alignment parameters of an
6423 exisiting Alignment widget to be altered.</para>
6425 <para>All four alignment parameters are floating point numbers which can
6426 range from 0.0 to 1.0. The <literal>xalign</literal> and <literal>yalign</literal> arguments
6427 affect the position of the widget placed within the Alignment
6428 widget. The <literal>xscale</literal> and <literal>yscale</literal> arguments affect the amount of
6429 space allocated to the widget.</para>
6431 <para>A child widget can be added to this Alignment widget using:</para>
6433 <programlisting role="C">
6434 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (alignment), child_widget);
6437 <para>For an example of using an Alignment widget, refer to the example for
6438 the <link linkend="sec-ProgressBars">Progress Bar</link> widget.</para>
6442 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
6443 <sect1 id="sec-FixedContainer">
6444 <title>Fixed Container</title>
6446 <para>The Fixed container allows you to place widgets at a fixed position
6447 within it's window, relative to it's upper left hand corner. The
6448 position of the widgets can be changed dynamically.</para>
6450 <para>There are only a few functions associated with the fixed widget:</para>
6452 <programlisting role="C">
6453 GtkWidget* gtk_fixed_new( void );
6455 void gtk_fixed_put( GtkFixed *fixed,
6460 void gtk_fixed_move( GtkFixed *fixed,
6466 <para>The function gtk_fixed_new() allows you to create a new Fixed
6469 <para>gtk_fixed_put() places <literal>widget</literal> in the container <literal>fixed</literal> at
6470 the position specified by <literal>x</literal> and <literal>y</literal>.</para>
6472 <para>gtk_fixed_move() allows the specified widget to be moved to a new
6475 <programlisting role="C">
6476 void gtk_fixed_set_has_window( GtkFixed *fixed,
6477 gboolean has_window );
6479 gboolean gtk_fixed_get_has_window( GtkFixed *fixed );
6482 <para>Normally, Fixed widgets don't have their own X window. Since this is
6483 different from the behaviour of Fixed widgets in earlier releases of GTK,
6484 the function gtk_fixed_set_has_window() allows the creation of Fixed widgets
6485 <emphasis>with</emphasis> their own window. It has to be called before
6486 realizing the widget.</para>
6488 <para>The following example illustrates how to use the Fixed Container.</para>
6493 <imagedata fileref="images/fixed.png" format="png">
6495 </inlinemediaobject>
6498 <programlisting role="C">
6499 <!-- example-start fixed fixed.c -->
6501 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
6503 /* I'm going to be lazy and use some global variables to
6504 * store the position of the widget within the fixed
6509 /* This callback function moves the button to a new position
6510 * in the Fixed container. */
6511 static void move_button( GtkWidget *widget,
6516 gtk_fixed_move (GTK_FIXED (fixed), widget, x, y);
6522 /* GtkWidget is the storage type for widgets */
6528 /* Initialise GTK */
6529 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
6531 /* Create a new window */
6532 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
6533 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Fixed Container");
6535 /* Here we connect the "destroy" event to a signal handler */
6536 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
6537 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL);
6539 /* Sets the border width of the window. */
6540 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
6542 /* Create a Fixed Container */
6543 fixed = gtk_fixed_new ();
6544 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), fixed);
6545 gtk_widget_show (fixed);
6547 for (i = 1 ; i <= 3 ; i++) {
6548 /* Creates a new button with the label "Press me" */
6549 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Press me");
6551 /* When the button receives the "clicked" signal, it will call the
6552 * function move_button() passing it the Fixed Container as its
6554 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
6555 G_CALLBACK (move_button), (gpointer) fixed);
6557 /* This packs the button into the fixed containers window. */
6558 gtk_fixed_put (GTK_FIXED (fixed), button, i*50, i*50);
6560 /* The final step is to display this newly created widget. */
6561 gtk_widget_show (button);
6564 /* Display the window */
6565 gtk_widget_show (window);
6567 /* Enter the event loop */
6572 <!-- example-end -->
6577 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
6578 <sect1 id="sec-LayoutContainer">
6579 <title>Layout Container</title>
6581 <para>The Layout container is similar to the Fixed container except that it
6582 implements an infinite (where infinity is less than 2^32) scrolling
6583 area. The X window system has a limitation where windows can be at
6584 most 32767 pixels wide or tall. The Layout container gets around this
6585 limitation by doing some exotic stuff using window and bit gravities,
6586 so that you can have smooth scrolling even when you have many child
6587 widgets in your scrolling area.</para>
6589 <para>A Layout container is created using:</para>
6591 <programlisting role="C">
6592 GtkWidget *gtk_layout_new( GtkAdjustment *hadjustment,
6593 GtkAdjustment *vadjustment );
6596 <para>As you can see, you can optionally specify the Adjustment objects that
6597 the Layout widget will use for its scrolling.</para>
6599 <para>You can add and move widgets in the Layout container using the
6600 following two functions:</para>
6602 <programlisting role="C">
6603 void gtk_layout_put( GtkLayout *layout,
6608 void gtk_layout_move( GtkLayout *layout,
6614 <para>The size of the Layout container can be set using the next function:</para>
6616 <programlisting role="C">
6617 void gtk_layout_set_size( GtkLayout *layout,
6622 <para>The final four functions for use with Layout widgets are for
6623 manipulating the horizontal and vertical adjustment widgets:</para>
6625 <programlisting role="C">
6626 GtkAdjustment* gtk_layout_get_hadjustment( GtkLayout *layout );
6628 GtkAdjustment* gtk_layout_get_vadjustment( GtkLayout *layout );
6630 void gtk_layout_set_hadjustment( GtkLayout *layout,
6631 GtkAdjustment *adjustment );
6633 void gtk_layout_set_vadjustment( GtkLayout *layout,
6634 GtkAdjustment *adjustment);
6639 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
6640 <sect1 id="sec-Frames">
6641 <title>Frames</title>
6643 <para>Frames can be used to enclose one or a group of widgets with a box
6644 which can optionally be labelled. The position of the label and the
6645 style of the box can be altered to suit.</para>
6647 <para>A Frame can be created with the following function:</para>
6649 <programlisting role="C">
6650 GtkWidget *gtk_frame_new( const gchar *label );
6653 <para>The label is by default placed in the upper left hand corner of the
6654 frame. A value of NULL for the <literal>label</literal> argument will result in no
6655 label being displayed. The text of the label can be changed using the
6656 next function.</para>
6658 <programlisting role="C">
6659 void gtk_frame_set_label( GtkFrame *frame,
6660 const gchar *label );
6663 <para>The position of the label can be changed using this function:</para>
6665 <programlisting role="C">
6666 void gtk_frame_set_label_align( GtkFrame *frame,
6671 <para><literal>xalign</literal> and <literal>yalign</literal> take values between 0.0 and 1.0. <literal>xalign</literal>
6672 indicates the position of the label along the top horizontal of the
6673 frame. <literal>yalign</literal> is not currently used. The default value of xalign
6674 is 0.0 which places the label at the left hand end of the frame.</para>
6676 <para>The next function alters the style of the box that is used to outline
6679 <programlisting role="C">
6680 void gtk_frame_set_shadow_type( GtkFrame *frame,
6681 GtkShadowType type);
6684 <para>The <literal>type</literal> argument can take one of the following values:</para>
6685 <programlisting role="C">
6689 GTK_SHADOW_ETCHED_IN (the default)
6690 GTK_SHADOW_ETCHED_OUT
6693 <para>The following code example illustrates the use of the Frame widget.</para>
6698 <imagedata fileref="images/frame.png" format="png">
6700 </inlinemediaobject>
6703 <programlisting role="C">
6704 <!-- example-start frame frame.c -->
6706 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
6711 /* GtkWidget is the storage type for widgets */
6715 /* Initialise GTK */
6716 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
6718 /* Create a new window */
6719 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
6720 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Frame Example");
6722 /* Here we connect the "destroy" event to a signal handler */
6723 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
6724 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL);
6726 gtk_widget_set_size_request (window, 300, 300);
6727 /* Sets the border width of the window. */
6728 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
6730 /* Create a Frame */
6731 frame = gtk_frame_new (NULL);
6732 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), frame);
6734 /* Set the frame's label */
6735 gtk_frame_set_label (GTK_FRAME (frame), "GTK Frame Widget");
6737 /* Align the label at the right of the frame */
6738 gtk_frame_set_label_align (GTK_FRAME (frame), 1.0, 0.0);
6740 /* Set the style of the frame */
6741 gtk_frame_set_shadow_type (GTK_FRAME (frame), GTK_SHADOW_ETCHED_OUT);
6743 gtk_widget_show (frame);
6745 /* Display the window */
6746 gtk_widget_show (window);
6748 /* Enter the event loop */
6753 <!-- example-end -->
6757 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
6758 <sect1 id="sec-AspectFrames">
6759 <title>Aspect Frames</title>
6761 <para>The aspect frame widget is like a frame widget, except that it also
6762 enforces the aspect ratio (that is, the ratio of the width to the
6763 height) of the child widget to have a certain value, adding extra
6764 space if necessary. This is useful, for instance, if you want to
6765 preview a larger image. The size of the preview should vary when the
6766 user resizes the window, but the aspect ratio needs to always match
6767 the original image.</para>
6769 <para>To create a new aspect frame use:</para>
6771 <programlisting role="C">
6772 GtkWidget *gtk_aspect_frame_new( const gchar *label,
6776 gboolean obey_child);
6779 <para><literal>xalign</literal> and <literal>yalign</literal> specify alignment as with Alignment
6780 widgets. If <literal>obey_child</literal> is TRUE, the aspect ratio of a child
6781 widget will match the aspect ratio of the ideal size it requests.
6782 Otherwise, it is given by <literal>ratio</literal>.</para>
6784 <para>To change the options of an existing aspect frame, you can use:</para>
6786 <programlisting role="C">
6787 void gtk_aspect_frame_set( GtkAspectFrame *aspect_frame,
6791 gboolean obey_child);
6794 <para>As an example, the following program uses an AspectFrame to present a
6795 drawing area whose aspect ratio will always be 2:1, no matter how the
6796 user resizes the top-level window.</para>
6801 <imagedata fileref="images/aspectframe.png" format="png">
6803 </inlinemediaobject>
6806 <programlisting role="C">
6807 <!-- example-start aspectframe aspectframe.c -->
6809 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
6815 GtkWidget *aspect_frame;
6816 GtkWidget *drawing_area;
6817 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
6819 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
6820 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Aspect Frame");
6821 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
6822 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL);
6823 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
6825 /* Create an aspect_frame and add it to our toplevel window */
6827 aspect_frame = gtk_aspect_frame_new ("2x1", /* label */
6830 2, /* xsize/ysize = 2 */
6831 FALSE /* ignore child's aspect */);
6833 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), aspect_frame);
6834 gtk_widget_show (aspect_frame);
6836 /* Now add a child widget to the aspect frame */
6838 drawing_area = gtk_drawing_area_new ();
6840 /* Ask for a 200x200 window, but the AspectFrame will give us a 200x100
6841 * window since we are forcing a 2x1 aspect ratio */
6842 gtk_widget_set_size_request (drawing_area, 200, 200);
6843 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (aspect_frame), drawing_area);
6844 gtk_widget_show (drawing_area);
6846 gtk_widget_show (window);
6850 <!-- example-end -->
6855 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
6856 <sect1 id="sec-PanedWindowWidgets">
6857 <title>Paned Window Widgets</title>
6859 <para>The paned window widgets are useful when you want to divide an area
6860 into two parts, with the relative size of the two parts controlled by
6861 the user. A groove is drawn between the two portions with a handle
6862 that the user can drag to change the ratio. The division can either be
6863 horizontal (HPaned) or vertical (VPaned).</para>
6865 <para>To create a new paned window, call one of:</para>
6867 <programlisting role="C">
6868 GtkWidget *gtk_hpaned_new (void);
6870 GtkWidget *gtk_vpaned_new (void);
6873 <para>After creating the paned window widget, you need to add child widgets
6874 to its two halves. To do this, use the functions:</para>
6876 <programlisting role="C">
6877 void gtk_paned_add1 (GtkPaned *paned, GtkWidget *child);
6879 void gtk_paned_add2 (GtkPaned *paned, GtkWidget *child);
6882 <para><literal>gtk_paned_add1()</literal> adds the child widget to the left or top half of
6883 the paned window. <literal>gtk_paned_add2()</literal> adds the child widget to the
6884 right or bottom half of the paned window.</para>
6886 <para>As an example, we will create part of the user interface of an
6887 imaginary email program. A window is divided into two portions
6888 vertically, with the top portion being a list of email messages and
6889 the bottom portion the text of the email message. Most of the program
6890 is pretty straightforward. A couple of points to note: text can't be
6891 added to a Text widget until it is realized. This could be done by
6892 calling gtk_widget_realize(), but as a demonstration of an
6893 alternate technique, we connect a handler to the "realize" signal to
6894 add the text. Also, we need to add the <literal>GTK_SHRINK</literal> option to some
6895 of the items in the table containing the text window and its
6896 scrollbars, so that when the bottom portion is made smaller, the
6897 correct portions shrink instead of being pushed off the bottom of the
6903 <imagedata fileref="images/paned.png" format="png">
6905 </inlinemediaobject>
6908 <programlisting role="C">
6909 <!-- example-start paned paned.c -->
6911 #include <stdio.h>
6912 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
6914 /* Create the list of "messages" */
6915 static GtkWidget *create_list( void )
6918 GtkWidget *scrolled_window;
6919 GtkWidget *tree_view;
6920 GtkListStore *model;
6922 GtkCellRenderer *cell;
6923 GtkTreeViewColumn *column;
6927 /* Create a new scrolled window, with scrollbars only if needed */
6928 scrolled_window = gtk_scrolled_window_new (NULL, NULL);
6929 gtk_scrolled_window_set_policy (GTK_SCROLLED_WINDOW (scrolled_window),
6930 GTK_POLICY_AUTOMATIC,
6931 GTK_POLICY_AUTOMATIC);
6933 model = gtk_list_store_new (1, G_TYPE_STRING);
6934 tree_view = gtk_tree_view_new ();
6935 gtk_scrolled_window_add_with_viewport (GTK_SCROLLED_WINDOW (scrolled_window),
6937 gtk_tree_view_set_model (GTK_TREE_VIEW (tree_view), GTK_TREE_MODEL (model));
6938 gtk_widget_show (tree_view);
6940 /* Add some messages to the window */
6941 for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
6942 gchar *msg = g_strdup_printf ("Message #%d", i);
6943 gtk_list_store_append (GTK_LIST_STORE (model), &iter);
6944 gtk_list_store_set (GTK_LIST_STORE (model),
6951 cell = gtk_cell_renderer_text_new ();
6953 column = gtk_tree_view_column_new_with_attributes ("Messages",
6958 gtk_tree_view_append_column (GTK_TREE_VIEW (tree_view),
6959 GTK_TREE_VIEW_COLUMN (column));
6961 return scrolled_window;
6964 /* Add some text to our text widget - this is a callback that is invoked
6965 when our window is realized. We could also force our window to be
6966 realized with gtk_widget_realize, but it would have to be part of
6967 a hierarchy first */
6969 static void insert_text( GtkTextBuffer *buffer )
6973 gtk_text_buffer_get_iter_at_offset (buffer, &iter, 0);
6975 gtk_text_buffer_insert (buffer, &iter,
6976 "From: pathfinder@nasa.gov\n"
6977 "To: mom@nasa.gov\n"
6978 "Subject: Made it!\n"
6980 "We just got in this morning. The weather has been\n"
6981 "great - clear but cold, and there are lots of fun sights.\n"
6982 "Sojourner says hi. See you soon.\n"
6986 /* Create a scrolled text area that displays a "message" */
6987 static GtkWidget *create_text( void )
6989 GtkWidget *scrolled_window;
6991 GtkTextBuffer *buffer;
6993 view = gtk_text_view_new ();
6994 buffer = gtk_text_view_get_buffer (GTK_TEXT_VIEW (view));
6996 scrolled_window = gtk_scrolled_window_new (NULL, NULL);
6997 gtk_scrolled_window_set_policy (GTK_SCROLLED_WINDOW (scrolled_window),
6998 GTK_POLICY_AUTOMATIC,
6999 GTK_POLICY_AUTOMATIC);
7001 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (scrolled_window), view);
7002 insert_text (buffer);
7004 gtk_widget_show_all (scrolled_window);
7006 return scrolled_window;
7017 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
7019 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
7020 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Paned Windows");
7021 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
7022 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL);
7023 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
7024 gtk_widget_set_size_request (GTK_WIDGET (window), 450, 400);
7026 /* create a vpaned widget and add it to our toplevel window */
7028 vpaned = gtk_vpaned_new ();
7029 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), vpaned);
7030 gtk_widget_show (vpaned);
7032 /* Now create the contents of the two halves of the window */
7034 list = create_list ();
7035 gtk_paned_add1 (GTK_PANED (vpaned), list);
7036 gtk_widget_show (list);
7038 text = create_text ();
7039 gtk_paned_add2 (GTK_PANED (vpaned), text);
7040 gtk_widget_show (text);
7041 gtk_widget_show (window);
7047 <!-- example-end -->
7052 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
7053 <sect1 id="sec-Viewports">
7054 <title>Viewports</title>
7056 <para>It is unlikely that you will ever need to use the Viewport widget
7057 directly. You are much more likely to use the
7058 <link linkend="sec-ScrolledWindows">Scrolled Window</link> widget which
7059 itself uses the Viewport.</para>
7061 <para>A viewport widget allows you to place a larger widget within it such
7062 that you can view a part of it at a time. It uses
7063 <link linkend="ch-Adjustments">Adjustments</link> to define the area that
7064 is currently in view.</para>
7066 <para>A Viewport is created with the function</para>
7068 <programlisting role="C">
7069 GtkWidget *gtk_viewport_new( GtkAdjustment *hadjustment,
7070 GtkAdjustment *vadjustment );
7073 <para>As you can see you can specify the horizontal and vertical Adjustments
7074 that the widget is to use when you create the widget. It will create
7075 its own if you pass NULL as the value of the arguments.</para>
7077 <para>You can get and set the adjustments after the widget has been created
7078 using the following four functions:</para>
7080 <programlisting role="C">
7081 GtkAdjustment *gtk_viewport_get_hadjustment( GtkViewport *viewport );
7083 GtkAdjustment *gtk_viewport_get_vadjustment( GtkViewport *viewport );
7085 void gtk_viewport_set_hadjustment( GtkViewport *viewport,
7086 GtkAdjustment *adjustment );
7088 void gtk_viewport_set_vadjustment( GtkViewport *viewport,
7089 GtkAdjustment *adjustment );
7092 <para>The only other viewport function is used to alter its appearance:</para>
7094 <programlisting role="C">
7095 void gtk_viewport_set_shadow_type( GtkViewport *viewport,
7096 GtkShadowType type );
7099 <para>Possible values for the <literal>type</literal> parameter are:</para>
7100 <programlisting role="C">
7104 GTK_SHADOW_ETCHED_IN,
7105 GTK_SHADOW_ETCHED_OUT
7110 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
7111 <sect1 id="sec-ScrolledWindows"
7112 <title>Scrolled Windows</title>
7114 <para>Scrolled windows are used to create a scrollable area with another
7115 widget inside it. You may insert any type of widget into a scrolled
7116 window, and it will be accessible regardless of the size by using the
7119 <para>The following function is used to create a new scrolled window.</para>
7121 <programlisting role="C">
7122 GtkWidget *gtk_scrolled_window_new( GtkAdjustment *hadjustment,
7123 GtkAdjustment *vadjustment );
7126 <para>Where the first argument is the adjustment for the horizontal
7127 direction, and the second, the adjustment for the vertical direction.
7128 These are almost always set to NULL.</para>
7130 <programlisting role="C">
7131 void gtk_scrolled_window_set_policy( GtkScrolledWindow *scrolled_window,
7132 GtkPolicyType hscrollbar_policy,
7133 GtkPolicyType vscrollbar_policy );
7136 <para>This sets the policy to be used with respect to the scrollbars.
7137 The first argument is the scrolled window you wish to change. The second
7138 sets the policy for the horizontal scrollbar, and the third the policy for
7139 the vertical scrollbar.</para>
7141 <para>The policy may be one of <literal>GTK_POLICY_AUTOMATIC</literal> or
7142 <literal>GTK_POLICY_ALWAYS</literal>. <literal>GTK_POLICY_AUTOMATIC</literal> will automatically
7143 decide whether you need scrollbars, whereas <literal>GTK_POLICY_ALWAYS</literal>
7144 will always leave the scrollbars there.</para>
7146 <para>You can then place your object into the scrolled window using the
7147 following function.</para>
7149 <programlisting role="C">
7150 void gtk_scrolled_window_add_with_viewport( GtkScrolledWindow *scrolled_window,
7154 <para>Here is a simple example that packs a table with 100 toggle buttons
7155 into a scrolled window. I've only commented on the parts that may be
7161 <imagedata fileref="images/scrolledwin.png" format="png">
7163 </inlinemediaobject>
7166 <programlisting role="C">
7167 <!-- example-start scrolledwin scrolledwin.c -->
7169 #include <stdio.h>
7170 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
7172 static void destroy( GtkWidget *widget,
7181 static GtkWidget *window;
7182 GtkWidget *scrolled_window;
7188 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
7190 /* Create a new dialog window for the scrolled window to be
7192 window = gtk_dialog_new ();
7193 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
7194 G_CALLBACK (destroy), NULL);
7195 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "GtkScrolledWindow example");
7196 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 0);
7197 gtk_widget_set_size_request (window, 300, 300);
7199 /* create a new scrolled window. */
7200 scrolled_window = gtk_scrolled_window_new (NULL, NULL);
7202 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (scrolled_window), 10);
7204 /* the policy is one of GTK_POLICY AUTOMATIC, or GTK_POLICY_ALWAYS.
7205 * GTK_POLICY_AUTOMATIC will automatically decide whether you need
7206 * scrollbars, whereas GTK_POLICY_ALWAYS will always leave the scrollbars
7207 * there. The first one is the horizontal scrollbar, the second,
7209 gtk_scrolled_window_set_policy (GTK_SCROLLED_WINDOW (scrolled_window),
7210 GTK_POLICY_AUTOMATIC, GTK_POLICY_ALWAYS);
7211 /* The dialog window is created with a vbox packed into it. */
7212 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (GTK_DIALOG(window)->vbox), scrolled_window,
7214 gtk_widget_show (scrolled_window);
7216 /* create a table of 10 by 10 squares. */
7217 table = gtk_table_new (10, 10, FALSE);
7219 /* set the spacing to 10 on x and 10 on y */
7220 gtk_table_set_row_spacings (GTK_TABLE (table), 10);
7221 gtk_table_set_col_spacings (GTK_TABLE (table), 10);
7223 /* pack the table into the scrolled window */
7224 gtk_scrolled_window_add_with_viewport (
7225 GTK_SCROLLED_WINDOW (scrolled_window), table);
7226 gtk_widget_show (table);
7228 /* this simply creates a grid of toggle buttons on the table
7229 * to demonstrate the scrolled window. */
7230 for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
7231 for (j = 0; j < 10; j++) {
7232 sprintf (buffer, "button (%d,%d)\n", i, j);
7233 button = gtk_toggle_button_new_with_label (buffer);
7234 gtk_table_attach_defaults (GTK_TABLE (table), button,
7236 gtk_widget_show (button);
7239 /* Add a "close" button to the bottom of the dialog */
7240 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("close");
7241 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
7242 G_CALLBACK (gtk_widget_destroy),
7245 /* this makes it so the button is the default. */
7247 GTK_WIDGET_SET_FLAGS (button, GTK_CAN_DEFAULT);
7248 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (GTK_DIALOG (window)->action_area), button, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
7250 /* This grabs this button to be the default button. Simply hitting
7251 * the "Enter" key will cause this button to activate. */
7252 gtk_widget_grab_default (button);
7253 gtk_widget_show (button);
7255 gtk_widget_show (window);
7261 <!-- example-end -->
7264 <para>Try playing with resizing the window. You'll notice how the scrollbars
7265 react. You may also wish to use the gtk_widget_set_size_request() call to set
7266 the default size of the window or other widgets.</para>
7270 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
7271 <sect1 id="sec-ButtonBoxes">
7272 <title>Button Boxes</title>
7274 <para>Button Boxes are a convenient way to quickly layout a group of
7275 buttons. They come in both horizontal and vertical flavours. You
7276 create a new Button Box with one of the following calls, which create
7277 a horizontal or vertical box, respectively:</para>
7279 <programlisting role="C">
7280 GtkWidget *gtk_hbutton_box_new( void );
7282 GtkWidget *gtk_vbutton_box_new( void );
7285 <para>Buttons are added to a Button Box using the usual function:</para>
7287 <programlisting role="C">
7288 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (button_box), child_widget);
7291 <para>Here's an example that illustrates all the different layout settings
7292 for Button Boxes.</para>
7297 <imagedata fileref="images/buttonbox.png" format="png">
7299 </inlinemediaobject>
7302 <programlisting role="C">
7303 <!-- example-start buttonbox buttonbox.c -->
7305 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
7307 /* Create a Button Box with the specified parameters */
7308 static GtkWidget *create_bbox( gint horizontal,
7319 frame = gtk_frame_new (title);
7322 bbox = gtk_hbutton_box_new ();
7324 bbox = gtk_vbutton_box_new ();
7326 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (bbox), 5);
7327 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (frame), bbox);
7329 /* Set the appearance of the Button Box */
7330 gtk_button_box_set_layout (GTK_BUTTON_BOX (bbox), layout);
7331 gtk_box_set_spacing (GTK_BOX (bbox), spacing);
7332 /*gtk_button_box_set_child_size (GTK_BUTTON_BOX (bbox), child_w, child_h);*/
7334 button = gtk_button_new_from_stock (GTK_STOCK_OK);
7335 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (bbox), button);
7337 button = gtk_button_new_from_stock (GTK_STOCK_CANCEL);
7338 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (bbox), button);
7340 button = gtk_button_new_from_stock (GTK_STOCK_HELP);
7341 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (bbox), button);
7349 static GtkWidget* window = NULL;
7350 GtkWidget *main_vbox;
7353 GtkWidget *frame_horz;
7354 GtkWidget *frame_vert;
7356 /* Initialize GTK */
7357 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
7359 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
7360 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Button Boxes");
7362 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
7363 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit),
7366 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
7368 main_vbox = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);
7369 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), main_vbox);
7371 frame_horz = gtk_frame_new ("Horizontal Button Boxes");
7372 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (main_vbox), frame_horz, TRUE, TRUE, 10);
7374 vbox = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);
7375 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (vbox), 10);
7376 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (frame_horz), vbox);
7378 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox),
7379 create_bbox (TRUE, "Spread (spacing 40)", 40, 85, 20, GTK_BUTTONBOX_SPREAD),
7382 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox),
7383 create_bbox (TRUE, "Edge (spacing 30)", 30, 85, 20, GTK_BUTTONBOX_EDGE),
7386 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox),
7387 create_bbox (TRUE, "Start (spacing 20)", 20, 85, 20, GTK_BUTTONBOX_START),
7390 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox),
7391 create_bbox (TRUE, "End (spacing 10)", 10, 85, 20, GTK_BUTTONBOX_END),
7394 frame_vert = gtk_frame_new ("Vertical Button Boxes");
7395 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (main_vbox), frame_vert, TRUE, TRUE, 10);
7397 hbox = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 0);
7398 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (hbox), 10);
7399 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (frame_vert), hbox);
7401 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox),
7402 create_bbox (FALSE, "Spread (spacing 5)", 5, 85, 20, GTK_BUTTONBOX_SPREAD),
7405 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox),
7406 create_bbox (FALSE, "Edge (spacing 30)", 30, 85, 20, GTK_BUTTONBOX_EDGE),
7409 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox),
7410 create_bbox (FALSE, "Start (spacing 20)", 20, 85, 20, GTK_BUTTONBOX_START),
7413 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (hbox),
7414 create_bbox (FALSE, "End (spacing 20)", 20, 85, 20, GTK_BUTTONBOX_END),
7417 gtk_widget_show_all (window);
7419 /* Enter the event loop */
7424 <!-- example-end -->
7429 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
7430 <sect1 id="sec-Toolbar">
7431 <title>Toolbar</title>
7433 <para>Toolbars are usually used to group some number of widgets in order to
7434 simplify customization of their look and layout. Typically a toolbar
7435 consists of buttons with icons, labels and tooltips, but any other
7436 widget can also be put inside a toolbar. Finally, items can be
7437 arranged horizontally or vertically and buttons can be displayed with
7438 icons, labels, or both.</para>
7440 <para>Creating a toolbar is (as one may already suspect) done with the
7441 following function:</para>
7443 <programlisting role="C">
7444 GtkWidget *gtk_toolbar_new( void );
7447 <para>After creating a toolbar one can append, prepend and insert items
7448 (that means simple text strings) or elements (that means any widget
7449 types) into the toolbar. To describe an item we need a label text, a
7450 tooltip text, a private tooltip text, an icon for the button and a
7451 callback function for it. For example, to append or prepend an item
7452 you may use the following functions:</para>
7454 <programlisting role="C">
7455 GtkWidget *gtk_toolbar_append_item( GtkToolbar *toolbar,
7457 const char *tooltip_text,
7458 const char *tooltip_private_text,
7460 GtkSignalFunc callback,
7461 gpointer user_data );
7463 GtkWidget *gtk_toolbar_prepend_item( GtkToolbar *toolbar,
7465 const char *tooltip_text,
7466 const char *tooltip_private_text,
7468 GtkSignalFunc callback,
7469 gpointer user_data );
7472 <para>If you want to use gtk_toolbar_insert_item(), the only additional
7473 parameter which must be specified is the position in which the item
7474 should be inserted, thus:</para>
7476 <programlisting role="C">
7477 GtkWidget *gtk_toolbar_insert_item( GtkToolbar *toolbar,
7479 const char *tooltip_text,
7480 const char *tooltip_private_text,
7482 GtkSignalFunc callback,
7487 <para>To simplify adding spaces between toolbar items, you may use the
7488 following functions:</para>
7490 <programlisting role="C">
7491 void gtk_toolbar_append_space( GtkToolbar *toolbar );
7493 void gtk_toolbar_prepend_space( GtkToolbar *toolbar );
7495 void gtk_toolbar_insert_space( GtkToolbar *toolbar,
7499 <para>If it's required, the orientation of a toolbar and its style can be
7500 changed "on the fly" using the following functions:</para>
7502 <programlisting role="C">
7503 void gtk_toolbar_set_orientation( GtkToolbar *toolbar,
7504 GtkOrientation orientation );
7506 void gtk_toolbar_set_style( GtkToolbar *toolbar,
7507 GtkToolbarStyle style );
7509 void gtk_toolbar_set_tooltips( GtkToolbar *toolbar,
7513 <para>Where <literal>orientation</literal> is one of <literal>GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL</literal> or
7514 <literal>GTK_ORIENTATION_VERTICAL</literal>. The <literal>style</literal> is used to set
7515 appearance of the toolbar items by using one of
7516 <literal>GTK_TOOLBAR_ICONS</literal>, <literal>GTK_TOOLBAR_TEXT</literal>, or
7517 <literal>GTK_TOOLBAR_BOTH</literal>.</para>
7519 <para>To show some other things that can be done with a toolbar, let's take
7520 the following program (we'll interrupt the listing with some
7521 additional explanations):</para>
7523 <programlisting role="C">
7524 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
7526 /* This function is connected to the Close button or
7527 * closing the window from the WM */
7528 static gboolean delete_event( GtkWidget *widget,
7537 <para>The above beginning seems for sure familiar to you if it's not your first
7538 GTK program. There is one additional thing though, we include a nice XPM
7539 picture to serve as an icon for all of the buttons.</para>
7541 <programlisting role="C">
7542 GtkWidget* close_button; /* This button will emit signal to close
7544 GtkWidget* tooltips_button; /* to enable/disable tooltips */
7545 GtkWidget* text_button,
7547 * both_button; /* radio buttons for toolbar style */
7548 GtkWidget* entry; /* a text entry to show packing any widget into
7552 <para>In fact not all of the above widgets are needed here, but to make things
7553 clearer I put them all together.</para>
7555 <programlisting role="C">
7556 /* that's easy... when one of the buttons is toggled, we just
7557 * check which one is active and set the style of the toolbar
7559 * ATTENTION: our toolbar is passed as data to callback ! */
7560 static void radio_event( GtkWidget *widget,
7563 if (GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (text_button)->active)
7564 gtk_toolbar_set_style (GTK_TOOLBAR (data), GTK_TOOLBAR_TEXT);
7565 else if (GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (icon_button)->active)
7566 gtk_toolbar_set_style (GTK_TOOLBAR (data), GTK_TOOLBAR_ICONS);
7567 else if (GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (both_button)->active)
7568 gtk_toolbar_set_style (GTK_TOOLBAR (data), GTK_TOOLBAR_BOTH);
7571 /* even easier, just check given toggle button and enable/disable
7573 static void toggle_event( GtkWidget *widget,
7576 gtk_toolbar_set_tooltips (GTK_TOOLBAR (data),
7577 GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (widget)->active );
7581 <para>The above are just two callback functions that will be called when
7582 one of the buttons on a toolbar is pressed. You should already be
7583 familiar with things like this if you've already used toggle buttons (and
7584 radio buttons).</para>
7586 <programlisting role="C">
7587 int main (int argc, char *argv[])
7589 /* Here is our main window (a dialog) and a handle for the handlebox */
7591 GtkWidget* handlebox;
7593 /* Ok, we need a toolbar, an icon with a mask (one for all of
7594 the buttons) and an icon widget to put this icon in (but
7595 we'll create a separate widget for each button) */
7596 GtkWidget * toolbar;
7599 /* this is called in all GTK application. */
7600 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
7602 /* create a new window with a given title, and nice size */
7603 dialog = gtk_dialog_new ();
7604 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (dialog), "GTKToolbar Tutorial");
7605 gtk_widget_set_size_request (GTK_WIDGET (dialog), 600, 300);
7606 GTK_WINDOW (dialog)->allow_shrink = TRUE;
7608 /* typically we quit if someone tries to close us */
7609 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (dialog), "delete_event",
7610 G_CALLBACK (delete_event), NULL);
7612 /* we need to realize the window because we use pixmaps for
7613 * items on the toolbar in the context of it */
7614 gtk_widget_realize (dialog);
7616 /* to make it nice we'll put the toolbar into the handle box,
7617 * so that it can be detached from the main window */
7618 handlebox = gtk_handle_box_new ();
7619 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (GTK_DIALOG (dialog)->vbox),
7620 handlebox, FALSE, FALSE, 5);
7623 <para>The above should be similar to any other GTK application. Just
7624 initialization of GTK, creating the window, etc. There is only one
7625 thing that probably needs some explanation: a handle box. A handle box
7626 is just another box that can be used to pack widgets in to. The
7627 difference between it and typical boxes is that it can be detached
7628 from a parent window (or, in fact, the handle box remains in the
7629 parent, but it is reduced to a very small rectangle, while all of its
7630 contents are reparented to a new freely floating window). It is
7631 usually nice to have a detachable toolbar, so these two widgets occur
7632 together quite often.</para>
7634 <programlisting role="C">
7635 /* toolbar will be horizontal, with both icons and text, and
7636 * with 5pxl spaces between items and finally,
7637 * we'll also put it into our handlebox */
7638 toolbar = gtk_toolbar_new ();
7639 gtk_toolbar_set_orientation (GTK_TOOLBAR (toolbar), GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL);
7640 gtk_toolbar_set_style (GTK_TOOLBAR (toolbar), GTK_TOOLBAR_BOTH);
7641 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (toolbar), 5);
7642 gtk_toolbar_set_space_size (GTK_TOOLBAR (toolbar), 5);
7643 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (handlebox), toolbar);
7646 <para>Well, what we do above is just a straightforward initialization of
7647 the toolbar widget.</para>
7649 <programlisting role="C">
7650 /* our first item is <close> button */
7651 iconw = gtk_image_new_from_file ("gtk.xpm"); /* icon widget */
7653 gtk_toolbar_append_item (GTK_TOOLBAR (toolbar), /* our toolbar */
7654 "Close", /* button label */
7655 "Closes this app", /* this button's tooltip */
7656 "Private", /* tooltip private info */
7657 iconw, /* icon widget */
7658 GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (delete_event), /* a signal */
7660 gtk_toolbar_append_space (GTK_TOOLBAR (toolbar)); /* space after item */
7663 <para>In the above code you see the simplest case: adding a button to
7664 toolbar. Just before appending a new item, we have to construct an
7665 image widget to serve as an icon for this item; this step will have
7666 to be repeated for each new item. Just after the item we also add a
7667 space, so the following items will not touch each other. As you see
7668 gtk_toolbar_append_item() returns a pointer to our newly created button
7669 widget, so that we can work with it in the normal way.</para>
7671 <programlisting role="C">
7672 /* now, let's make our radio buttons group... */
7673 iconw = gtk_image_new_from_file ("gtk.xpm");
7674 icon_button = gtk_toolbar_append_element (
7675 GTK_TOOLBAR (toolbar),
7676 GTK_TOOLBAR_CHILD_RADIOBUTTON, /* a type of element */
7677 NULL, /* pointer to widget */
7679 "Only icons in toolbar", /* tooltip */
7680 "Private", /* tooltip private string */
7682 GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (radio_event), /* signal */
7683 toolbar); /* data for signal */
7684 gtk_toolbar_append_space (GTK_TOOLBAR (toolbar));
7687 <para>Here we begin creating a radio buttons group. To do this we use
7688 gtk_toolbar_append_element. In fact, using this function one can also
7689 +add simple items or even spaces (type = <literal>GTK_TOOLBAR_CHILD_SPACE</literal>
7690 or +<literal>GTK_TOOLBAR_CHILD_BUTTON</literal>). In the above case we start
7691 creating a radio group. In creating other radio buttons for this group
7692 a pointer to the previous button in the group is required, so that a
7693 list of buttons can be easily constructed (see the section on <link
7694 linkend="sec-RadioButtons">Radio Buttons</link> earlier in this
7697 <programlisting role="C">
7698 /* following radio buttons refer to previous ones */
7699 iconw = gtk_image_new_from_file ("gtk.xpm");
7701 gtk_toolbar_append_element (GTK_TOOLBAR (toolbar),
7702 GTK_TOOLBAR_CHILD_RADIOBUTTON,
7705 "Only texts in toolbar",
7708 GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (radio_event),
7710 gtk_toolbar_append_space (GTK_TOOLBAR (toolbar));
7712 iconw = gtk_image_new_from_file ("gtk.xpm");
7714 gtk_toolbar_append_element (GTK_TOOLBAR (toolbar),
7715 GTK_TOOLBAR_CHILD_RADIOBUTTON,
7718 "Icons and text in toolbar",
7721 GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (radio_event),
7723 gtk_toolbar_append_space (GTK_TOOLBAR (toolbar));
7724 gtk_toggle_button_set_active (GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (both_button), TRUE);
7727 <para>In the end we have to set the state of one of the buttons manually
7728 (otherwise they all stay in active state, preventing us from switching
7729 between them).</para>
7731 <programlisting role="C">
7732 /* here we have just a simple toggle button */
7733 iconw = gtk_image_new_from_file ("gtk.xpm");
7735 gtk_toolbar_append_element (GTK_TOOLBAR (toolbar),
7736 GTK_TOOLBAR_CHILD_TOGGLEBUTTON,
7739 "Toolbar with or without tips",
7742 GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (toggle_event),
7744 gtk_toolbar_append_space (GTK_TOOLBAR (toolbar));
7745 gtk_toggle_button_set_active (GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (tooltips_button), TRUE);
7748 <para>A toggle button can be created in the obvious way (if one knows how to create
7749 radio buttons already).</para>
7751 <programlisting role="C">
7752 /* to pack a widget into toolbar, we only have to
7753 * create it and append it with an appropriate tooltip */
7754 entry = gtk_entry_new ();
7755 gtk_toolbar_append_widget (GTK_TOOLBAR (toolbar),
7757 "This is just an entry",
7760 /* well, it isn't created within the toolbar, so we must still show it */
7761 gtk_widget_show (entry);
7764 <para>As you see, adding any kind of widget to a toolbar is simple. The
7765 one thing you have to remember is that this widget must be shown manually
7766 (contrary to other items which will be shown together with the toolbar).</para>
7768 <programlisting role="C">
7769 /* that's it ! let's show everything. */
7770 gtk_widget_show (toolbar);
7771 gtk_widget_show (handlebox);
7772 gtk_widget_show (dialog);
7774 /* rest in gtk_main and wait for the fun to begin! */
7781 <para>So, here we are at the end of toolbar tutorial. Of course, to appreciate
7782 it in full you need also this nice XPM icon, so here it is:</para>
7784 <programlisting role="C">
7786 static char * gtk_xpm[] = {
7793 "................+...............",
7794 "..............+++++.............",
7795 "............+++++@@++...........",
7796 "..........+++++@@@@@@++.........",
7797 "........++++@@@@@@@@@@++........",
7798 "......++++@@++++++++@@@++.......",
7799 ".....+++@@@+++++++++++@@@++.....",
7800 "...+++@@@@+++@@@@@@++++@@@@+....",
7801 "..+++@@@@+++@@@@@@@@+++@@@@@++..",
7802 ".++@@@@@@+++@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@++",
7803 ".+#+@@@@@@++@@@@+++@@@@@@@@@@@@+",
7804 ".+##++@@@@+++@@@+++++@@@@@@@@$@.",
7805 ".+###++@@@@+++@@@+++@@@@@++$$$@.",
7806 ".+####+++@@@+++++++@@@@@+@$$$$@.",
7807 ".+#####+++@@@@+++@@@@++@$$$$$$+.",
7808 ".+######++++@@@@@@@++@$$$$$$$$+.",
7809 ".+#######+##+@@@@+++$$$$$$@@$$+.",
7810 ".+###+++##+##+@@++@$$$$$$++$$$+.",
7811 ".+###++++##+##+@@$$$$$$$@+@$$@+.",
7812 ".+###++++++#+++@$$@+@$$@++$$$@+.",
7813 ".+####+++++++#++$$@+@$$++$$$$+..",
7814 ".++####++++++#++$$@+@$++@$$$$+..",
7815 ".+#####+++++##++$$++@+++$$$$$+..",
7816 ".++####+++##+#++$$+++++@$$$$$+..",
7817 ".++####+++####++$$++++++@$$$@+..",
7818 ".+#####++#####++$$+++@++++@$@+..",
7819 ".+#####++#####++$$++@$$@+++$@@..",
7820 ".++####++#####++$$++$$$$$+@$@++.",
7821 ".++####++#####++$$++$$$$$$$$+++.",
7822 ".+++####+#####++$$++$$$$$$$@+++.",
7823 "..+++#########+@$$+@$$$$$$+++...",
7824 "...+++########+@$$$$$$$$@+++....",
7825 ".....+++######+@$$$$$$$+++......",
7826 "......+++#####+@$$$$$@++........",
7827 ".......+++####+@$$$$+++.........",
7828 ".........++###+$$$@++...........",
7829 "..........++##+$@+++............",
7830 "...........+++++++..............",
7831 ".............++++..............."};
7836 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
7837 <sect1 id="sec-Notebooks">
7838 <title>Notebooks</title>
7840 <para>The NoteBook Widget is a collection of "pages" that overlap each
7841 other, each page contains different information with only one page
7842 visible at a time. This widget has become more common lately in GUI
7843 programming, and it is a good way to show blocks of similar
7844 information that warrant separation in their display.</para>
7846 <para>The first function call you will need to know, as you can probably
7847 guess by now, is used to create a new notebook widget.</para>
7849 <programlisting role="C">
7850 GtkWidget *gtk_notebook_new( void );
7853 <para>Once the notebook has been created, there are a number of functions
7854 that operate on the notebook widget. Let's look at them individually.</para>
7856 <para>The first one we will look at is how to position the page indicators.
7857 These page indicators or "tabs" as they are referred to, can be
7858 positioned in four ways: top, bottom, left, or right.</para>
7860 <programlisting role="C">
7861 void gtk_notebook_set_tab_pos( GtkNotebook *notebook,
7862 GtkPositionType pos );
7865 <para>GtkPositionType will be one of the following, which are pretty self
7867 <programlisting role="C">
7874 <para><literal>GTK_POS_TOP</literal> is the default.</para>
7876 <para>Next we will look at how to add pages to the notebook. There are three
7877 ways to add pages to the NoteBook. Let's look at the first two
7878 together as they are quite similar.</para>
7880 <programlisting role="C">
7881 void gtk_notebook_append_page( GtkNotebook *notebook,
7883 GtkWidget *tab_label );
7885 void gtk_notebook_prepend_page( GtkNotebook *notebook,
7887 GtkWidget *tab_label );
7890 <para>These functions add pages to the notebook by inserting them from the
7891 back of the notebook (append), or the front of the notebook (prepend).
7892 <literal>child</literal> is the widget that is placed within the notebook page, and
7893 <literal>tab_label</literal> is the label for the page being added. The <literal>child</literal>
7894 widget must be created separately, and is typically a set of options
7895 setup witin one of the other container widgets, such as a table.</para>
7897 <para>The final function for adding a page to the notebook contains all of
7898 the properties of the previous two, but it allows you to specify what
7899 position you want the page to be in the notebook.</para>
7901 <programlisting role="C">
7902 void gtk_notebook_insert_page( GtkNotebook *notebook,
7904 GtkWidget *tab_label,
7908 <para>The parameters are the same as _append_ and _prepend_ except it
7909 contains an extra parameter, <literal>position</literal>. This parameter is used to
7910 specify what place this page will be inserted into the first page
7911 having position zero.</para>
7913 <para>Now that we know how to add a page, lets see how we can remove a page
7914 from the notebook.</para>
7916 <programlisting role="C">
7917 void gtk_notebook_remove_page( GtkNotebook *notebook,
7921 <para>This function takes the page specified by <literal>page_num</literal> and removes it
7922 from the widget pointed to by <literal>notebook</literal>.</para>
7924 <para>To find out what the current page is in a notebook use the function:</para>
7926 <programlisting role="C">
7927 gint gtk_notebook_get_current_page( GtkNotebook *notebook );
7930 <para>These next two functions are simple calls to move the notebook page
7931 forward or backward. Simply provide the respective function call with
7932 the notebook widget you wish to operate on. Note: When the NoteBook is
7933 currently on the last page, and gtk_notebook_next_page() is called, the
7934 notebook will wrap back to the first page. Likewise, if the NoteBook
7935 is on the first page, and gtk_notebook_prev_page() is called, the
7936 notebook will wrap to the last page.</para>
7938 <programlisting role="C">
7939 void gtk_notebook_next_page( GtkNoteBook *notebook );
7941 void gtk_notebook_prev_page( GtkNoteBook *notebook );
7944 <para>This next function sets the "active" page. If you wish the notebook to
7945 be opened to page 5 for example, you would use this function. Without
7946 using this function, the notebook defaults to the first page.</para>
7948 <programlisting role="C">
7949 void gtk_notebook_set_current_page( GtkNotebook *notebook,
7953 <para>The next two functions add or remove the notebook page tabs and the
7954 notebook border respectively.</para>
7956 <programlisting role="C">
7957 void gtk_notebook_set_show_tabs( GtkNotebook *notebook,
7958 gboolean show_tabs );
7960 void gtk_notebook_set_show_border( GtkNotebook *notebook,
7961 gboolean show_border );
7964 <para>The next function is useful when the you have a large number of pages,
7965 and the tabs don't fit on the page. It allows the tabs to be scrolled
7966 through using two arrow buttons.</para>
7968 <programlisting role="C">
7969 void gtk_notebook_set_scrollable( GtkNotebook *notebook,
7970 gboolean scrollable );
7973 <para><literal>show_tabs</literal>, <literal>show_border</literal> and <literal>scrollable</literal> can be either
7974 TRUE or FALSE.</para>
7976 <para>Now let's look at an example, it is expanded from the
7977 <filename>testgtk.c</filename> code
7978 that comes with the GTK distribution. This small program creates a
7979 window with a notebook and six buttons. The notebook contains 11
7980 pages, added in three different ways, appended, inserted, and
7981 prepended. The buttons allow you rotate the tab positions, add/remove
7982 the tabs and border, remove a page, change pages in both a forward and
7983 backward manner, and exit the program.</para>
7988 <imagedata fileref="images/notebook.png" format="png">
7990 </inlinemediaobject>
7993 <programlisting role="C">
7994 <!-- example-start notebook notebook.c -->
7996 #include <stdio.h>
7997 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
7999 /* This function rotates the position of the tabs */
8000 static void rotate_book( GtkButton *button,
8001 GtkNotebook *notebook )
8003 gtk_notebook_set_tab_pos (notebook, (notebook->tab_pos + 1) % 4);
8006 /* Add/Remove the page tabs and the borders */
8007 static void tabsborder_book( GtkButton *button,
8008 GtkNotebook *notebook )
8012 if (notebook->show_tabs == 0)
8014 if (notebook->show_border == 0)
8017 gtk_notebook_set_show_tabs (notebook, tval);
8018 gtk_notebook_set_show_border (notebook, bval);
8021 /* Remove a page from the notebook */
8022 static void remove_book( GtkButton *button,
8023 GtkNotebook *notebook )
8027 page = gtk_notebook_get_current_page (notebook);
8028 gtk_notebook_remove_page (notebook, page);
8029 /* Need to refresh the widget --
8030 This forces the widget to redraw itself. */
8031 gtk_widget_queue_draw (GTK_WIDGET (notebook));
8034 static gboolean delete( GtkWidget *widget,
8048 GtkWidget *notebook;
8051 GtkWidget *checkbutton;
8056 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
8058 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
8060 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "delete_event",
8061 G_CALLBACK (delete), NULL);
8063 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
8065 table = gtk_table_new (3, 6, FALSE);
8066 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), table);
8068 /* Create a new notebook, place the position of the tabs */
8069 notebook = gtk_notebook_new ();
8070 gtk_notebook_set_tab_pos (GTK_NOTEBOOK (notebook), GTK_POS_TOP);
8071 gtk_table_attach_defaults (GTK_TABLE (table), notebook, 0, 6, 0, 1);
8072 gtk_widget_show (notebook);
8074 /* Let's append a bunch of pages to the notebook */
8075 for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
8076 sprintf(bufferf, "Append Frame %d", i + 1);
8077 sprintf(bufferl, "Page %d", i + 1);
8079 frame = gtk_frame_new (bufferf);
8080 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (frame), 10);
8081 gtk_widget_set_size_request (frame, 100, 75);
8082 gtk_widget_show (frame);
8084 label = gtk_label_new (bufferf);
8085 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (frame), label);
8086 gtk_widget_show (label);
8088 label = gtk_label_new (bufferl);
8089 gtk_notebook_append_page (GTK_NOTEBOOK (notebook), frame, label);
8092 /* Now let's add a page to a specific spot */
8093 checkbutton = gtk_check_button_new_with_label ("Check me please!");
8094 gtk_widget_set_size_request (checkbutton, 100, 75);
8095 gtk_widget_show (checkbutton);
8097 label = gtk_label_new ("Add page");
8098 gtk_notebook_insert_page (GTK_NOTEBOOK (notebook), checkbutton, label, 2);
8100 /* Now finally let's prepend pages to the notebook */
8101 for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
8102 sprintf (bufferf, "Prepend Frame %d", i + 1);
8103 sprintf (bufferl, "PPage %d", i + 1);
8105 frame = gtk_frame_new (bufferf);
8106 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (frame), 10);
8107 gtk_widget_set_size_request (frame, 100, 75);
8108 gtk_widget_show (frame);
8110 label = gtk_label_new (bufferf);
8111 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (frame), label);
8112 gtk_widget_show (label);
8114 label = gtk_label_new (bufferl);
8115 gtk_notebook_prepend_page (GTK_NOTEBOOK (notebook), frame, label);
8118 /* Set what page to start at (page 4) */
8119 gtk_notebook_set_current_page (GTK_NOTEBOOK (notebook), 3);
8121 /* Create a bunch of buttons */
8122 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("close");
8123 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
8124 G_CALLBACK (delete), NULL);
8125 gtk_table_attach_defaults (GTK_TABLE (table), button, 0, 1, 1, 2);
8126 gtk_widget_show (button);
8128 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("next page");
8129 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
8130 G_CALLBACK (gtk_notebook_next_page),
8131 G_OBJECT (notebook));
8132 gtk_table_attach_defaults (GTK_TABLE (table), button, 1, 2, 1, 2);
8133 gtk_widget_show (button);
8135 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("prev page");
8136 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
8137 G_CALLBACK (gtk_notebook_prev_page),
8138 G_OBJECT (notebook));
8139 gtk_table_attach_defaults (GTK_TABLE (table), button, 2, 3, 1, 2);
8140 gtk_widget_show (button);
8142 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("tab position");
8143 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
8144 G_CALLBACK (rotate_book),
8145 (gpointer) notebook);
8146 gtk_table_attach_defaults (GTK_TABLE (table), button, 3, 4, 1, 2);
8147 gtk_widget_show (button);
8149 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("tabs/border on/off");
8150 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
8151 G_CALLBACK (tabsborder_book),
8152 (gpointer) notebook);
8153 gtk_table_attach_defaults (GTK_TABLE (table), button, 4, 5, 1, 2);
8154 gtk_widget_show (button);
8156 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("remove page");
8157 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
8158 G_CALLBACK (remove_book),
8159 (gpointer) notebook);
8160 gtk_table_attach_defaults (GTK_TABLE (table), button, 5, 6, 1, 2);
8161 gtk_widget_show (button);
8163 gtk_widget_show (table);
8164 gtk_widget_show (window);
8170 <!-- example-end -->
8173 <para>I hope this helps you on your way with creating notebooks for your
8174 GTK applications.</para>
8179 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
8180 <chapter id="ch-MenuWidget">
8181 <title>Menu Widget</title>
8183 <para>There are two ways to create menus: there's the easy way, and there's
8184 the hard way. Both have their uses, but you can usually use the
8185 Itemfactory (the easy way). The "hard" way is to create all the menus
8186 using the calls directly. The easy way is to use the gtk_item_factory
8187 calls. This is much simpler, but there are advantages and
8188 disadvantages to each approach.</para>
8190 <para>The Itemfactory is much easier to use, and to add new menus to,
8191 although writing a few wrapper functions to create menus using the
8192 manual method could go a long way towards usability. With the
8193 Itemfactory, it is not possible to add images or the character '/' to
8196 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
8197 <sect1 id="sec-ManualMenuCreation">
8198 <title>Manual Menu Creation</title>
8200 <para>In the true tradition of teaching, we'll show you the hard way
8201 first. <literal>:)</literal></para>
8203 <para>There are three widgets that go into making a menubar and submenus:</para>
8206 <listitem><simpara>a menu item, which is what the user wants to select, e.g.,
8209 <listitem><simpara>a menu, which acts as a container for the menu items, and</simpara>
8211 <listitem><simpara>a menubar, which is a container for each of the individual
8216 <para>This is slightly complicated by the fact that menu item widgets are
8217 used for two different things. They are both the widgets that are
8218 packed into the menu, and the widget that is packed into the menubar,
8219 which, when selected, activates the menu.</para>
8221 <para>Let's look at the functions that are used to create menus and
8222 menubars. This first function is used to create a new menubar.</para>
8224 <programlisting role="C">
8225 GtkWidget *gtk_menu_bar_new( void );
8228 <para>This rather self explanatory function creates a new menubar. You use
8229 gtk_container_add() to pack this into a window, or the box_pack
8230 functions to pack it into a box - the same as buttons.</para>
8232 <programlisting role="C">
8233 GtkWidget *gtk_menu_new( void );
8236 <para>This function returns a pointer to a new menu; it is never actually
8237 shown (with gtk_widget_show()), it is just a container for the menu
8238 items. I hope this will become more clear when you look at the
8239 example below.</para>
8241 <para>The next three calls are used to create menu items that are packed into
8242 the menu (and menubar).</para>
8244 <programlisting role="C">
8245 GtkWidget *gtk_menu_item_new( void );
8247 GtkWidget *gtk_menu_item_new_with_label( const char *label );
8249 GtkWidget *gtk_menu_item_new_with_mnemnonic( const char *label );
8252 <para>These calls are used to create the menu items that are to be
8253 displayed. Remember to differentiate between a "menu" as created with
8254 gtk_menu_new() and a "menu item" as created by the gtk_menu_item_new()
8255 functions. The menu item will be an actual button with an associated
8256 action, whereas a menu will be a container holding menu items.</para>
8258 <para>The gtk_menu_item_new_with_label() and gtk_menu_item_new() functions are just as
8259 you'd expect after reading about the buttons. One creates a new menu
8260 item with a label already packed into it, and the other just creates a
8261 blank menu item.</para>
8263 <para>Once you've created a menu item you have to put it into a menu. This
8264 is done using the function gtk_menu_shelll_append. In order to capture when
8265 the item is selected by the user, we need to connect to the
8266 <literal>activate</literal> signal in the usual way. So, if we wanted to create a
8267 standard <literal>File</literal> menu, with the options <literal>Open</literal>, <literal>Save</literal>, and
8268 <literal>Quit</literal>, the code would look something like:</para>
8270 <programlisting role="C">
8271 file_menu = gtk_menu_new (); /* Don't need to show menus */
8273 /* Create the menu items */
8274 open_item = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label ("Open");
8275 save_item = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label ("Save");
8276 quit_item = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label ("Quit");
8278 /* Add them to the menu */
8279 gtk_menu_shell_append (GTK_MENU_SHELL (file_menu), open_item);
8280 gtk_menu_shell_append (GTK_MENU_SHELL (file_menu), save_item);
8281 gtk_menu_shell_append (GTK_MENU_SHELL (file_menu), quit_item);
8283 /* Attach the callback functions to the activate signal */
8284 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (open_item), "activate",
8285 G_CALLBACK (menuitem_response),
8286 (gpointer) "file.open");
8287 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (save_item), "activate",
8288 G_CALLBACK (menuitem_response),
8289 (gpointer) "file.save");
8291 /* We can attach the Quit menu item to our exit function */
8292 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (quit_item), "activate",
8293 G_CALLBACK (destroy),
8294 (gpointer) "file.quit");
8296 /* We do need to show menu items */
8297 gtk_widget_show (open_item);
8298 gtk_widget_show (save_item);
8299 gtk_widget_show (quit_item);
8302 <para>At this point we have our menu. Now we need to create a menubar and a
8303 menu item for the <literal>File</literal> entry, to which we add our menu. The code
8304 looks like this:</para>
8306 <programlisting role="C">
8307 menu_bar = gtk_menu_bar_new ();
8308 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), menu_bar);
8309 gtk_widget_show (menu_bar);
8311 file_item = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label ("File");
8312 gtk_widget_show (file_item);
8315 <para>Now we need to associate the menu with <literal>file_item</literal>. This is done
8316 with the function</para>
8318 <programlisting role="C">
8319 void gtk_menu_item_set_submenu( GtkMenuItem *menu_item,
8320 GtkWidget *submenu );
8323 <para>So, our example would continue with</para>
8325 <programlisting role="C">
8326 gtk_menu_item_set_submenu (GTK_MENU_ITEM (file_item), file_menu);
8329 <para>All that is left to do is to add the menu to the menubar, which is
8330 accomplished using the function</para>
8332 <programlisting role="C">
8333 void gtk_menu_bar_append( GtkMenuBar *menu_bar,
8334 GtkWidget *menu_item );
8337 <para>which in our case looks like this:</para>
8339 <programlisting role="C">
8340 gtk_menu_bar_append (GTK_MENU_BAR (menu_bar), file_item);
8343 <para>If we wanted the menu right justified on the menubar, such as help
8344 menus often are, we can use the following function (again on
8345 <literal>file_item</literal> in the current example) before attaching it to the
8348 <programlisting role="C">
8349 void gtk_menu_item_right_justify( GtkMenuItem *menu_item );
8352 <para>Here is a summary of the steps needed to create a menu bar with menus
8356 <listitem><simpara> Create a new menu using gtk_menu_new()</simpara>
8359 <listitem><simpara> Use multiple calls to gtk_menu_item_new() for each item you
8360 wish to have on your menu. And use gtk_menu_shell_append() to put each of
8361 these new items on to the menu.</simpara>
8364 <listitem><simpara> Create a menu item using gtk_menu_item_new(). This will be the
8365 root of the menu, the text appearing here will be on the menubar
8369 <listitem><simpara>Use gtk_menu_item_set_submenu() to attach the menu to the root
8370 menu item (the one created in the above step).</simpara>
8373 <listitem><simpara> Create a new menubar using gtk_menu_bar_new. This step only
8374 needs to be done once when creating a series of menus on one menu bar.</simpara>
8377 <listitem><simpara> Use gtk_menu_bar_append() to put the root menu onto the menubar.</simpara>
8381 <para>Creating a popup menu is nearly the same. The difference is that the
8382 menu is not posted "automatically" by a menubar, but explicitly by
8383 calling the function gtk_menu_popup() from a button-press event, for
8384 example. Take these steps:</para>
8387 <listitem><simpara>Create an event handling function. It needs to have the
8389 <programlisting role="C">
8390 static gboolean handler( GtkWidget *widget,
8393 <simpara>and it will use the event to find out where to pop up the menu.</simpara>
8396 <listitem><simpara>In the event handler, if the event is a mouse button press,
8397 treat <literal>event</literal> as a button event (which it is) and use it as
8398 shown in the sample code to pass information to gtk_menu_popup().</simpara>
8401 <listitem><simpara>Bind that event handler to a widget with</simpara>
8402 <programlisting role="C">
8403 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (widget), "event",
8404 G_CALLBACK (handler),
8407 <simpara>where <literal>widget</literal> is the widget you are binding to,
8408 <literal>handler</literal> is the handling function, and <literal>menu</literal> is a menu
8409 created with gtk_menu_new(). This can be a menu which is also posted
8410 by a menu bar, as shown in the sample code.</simpara>
8416 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
8417 <sect1 id="sec-ManualMenuExample">
8418 <title>Manual Menu Example</title>
8420 <para>That should about do it. Let's take a look at an example to help clarify.</para>
8425 <imagedata fileref="images/menu.png" format="png">
8427 </inlinemediaobject>
8430 <programlisting role="C">
8431 <!-- example-start menu menu.c -->
8433 #include <stdio.h>
8434 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
8436 static gboolean button_press (GtkWidget *, GdkEvent *);
8437 static void menuitem_response (gchar *);
8445 GtkWidget *menu_bar;
8446 GtkWidget *root_menu;
8447 GtkWidget *menu_items;
8453 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
8455 /* create a new window */
8456 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
8457 gtk_widget_set_size_request (GTK_WIDGET (window), 200, 100);
8458 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "GTK Menu Test");
8459 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "delete_event",
8460 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL);
8462 /* Init the menu-widget, and remember -- never
8463 * gtk_show_widget() the menu widget!!
8464 * This is the menu that holds the menu items, the one that
8465 * will pop up when you click on the "Root Menu" in the app */
8466 menu = gtk_menu_new ();
8468 /* Next we make a little loop that makes three menu-entries for "test-menu".
8469 * Notice the call to gtk_menu_shell_append. Here we are adding a list of
8470 * menu items to our menu. Normally, we'd also catch the "clicked"
8471 * signal on each of the menu items and setup a callback for it,
8472 * but it's omitted here to save space. */
8474 for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
8476 /* Copy the names to the buf. */
8477 sprintf (buf, "Test-undermenu - %d", i);
8479 /* Create a new menu-item with a name... */
8480 menu_items = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label (buf);
8482 /* ...and add it to the menu. */
8483 gtk_menu_shell_append (GTK_MENU_SHELL (menu), menu_items);
8485 /* Do something interesting when the menuitem is selected */
8486 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (menu_items), "activate",
8487 G_CALLBACK (menuitem_response),
8488 (gpointer) g_strdup (buf));
8490 /* Show the widget */
8491 gtk_widget_show (menu_items);
8494 /* This is the root menu, and will be the label
8495 * displayed on the menu bar. There won't be a signal handler attached,
8496 * as it only pops up the rest of the menu when pressed. */
8497 root_menu = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label ("Root Menu");
8499 gtk_widget_show (root_menu);
8501 /* Now we specify that we want our newly created "menu" to be the menu
8502 * for the "root menu" */
8503 gtk_menu_item_set_submenu (GTK_MENU_ITEM (root_menu), menu);
8505 /* A vbox to put a menu and a button in: */
8506 vbox = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);
8507 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), vbox);
8508 gtk_widget_show (vbox);
8510 /* Create a menu-bar to hold the menus and add it to our main window */
8511 menu_bar = gtk_menu_bar_new ();
8512 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), menu_bar, FALSE, FALSE, 2);
8513 gtk_widget_show (menu_bar);
8515 /* Create a button to which to attach menu as a popup */
8516 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("press me");
8517 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (button), "event",
8518 G_CALLBACK (button_press),
8520 gtk_box_pack_end (GTK_BOX (vbox), button, TRUE, TRUE, 2);
8521 gtk_widget_show (button);
8523 /* And finally we append the menu-item to the menu-bar -- this is the
8524 * "root" menu-item I have been raving about =) */
8525 gtk_menu_shell_append (GTK_MENU_SHELL (menu_bar), root_menu);
8527 /* always display the window as the last step so it all splashes on
8528 * the screen at once. */
8529 gtk_widget_show (window);
8536 /* Respond to a button-press by posting a menu passed in as widget.
8538 * Note that the "widget" argument is the menu being posted, NOT
8539 * the button that was pressed.
8542 static gboolean button_press( GtkWidget *widget,
8546 if (event->type == GDK_BUTTON_PRESS) {
8547 GdkEventButton *bevent = (GdkEventButton *) event;
8548 gtk_menu_popup (GTK_MENU (widget), NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
8549 bevent->button, bevent->time);
8550 /* Tell calling code that we have handled this event; the buck
8555 /* Tell calling code that we have not handled this event; pass it on. */
8560 /* Print a string when a menu item is selected */
8562 static void menuitem_response( gchar *string )
8564 printf ("%s\n", string);
8566 <!-- example-end -->
8569 <para>You may also set a menu item to be insensitive and, using an accelerator
8570 table, bind keys to menu functions.</para>
8574 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
8575 <sect1 id="sec-UsingItemFactory">
8576 <title>Using ItemFactory</title>
8578 <para>Now that we've shown you the hard way, here's how you do it using the
8579 gtk_item_factory calls.</para>
8581 <para>ItemFactory creates a menu out of an array of ItemFactory entries. This
8582 means you can define your menu in its simplest form and then create the
8583 menu/menubar widgets with a minimum of function calls.</para>
8585 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
8586 <sect2 id="sec-ItemFactoryEntries">
8587 <title>ItemFactory entries</title>
8589 <para>At the core of ItemFactory is the ItemFactoryEntry. This structure defines
8590 one menu item, and when an array of these entries is defined a whole
8591 menu is formed. The ItemFactory entry struct definition looks like this:</para>
8593 <programlisting role="C">
8594 struct _GtkItemFactoryEntry
8599 GtkItemFactoryCallback callback;
8600 guint callback_action;
8606 <para>Each field defines part of the menu item.</para>
8608 <para><literal>*path</literal> is a string which defines both the name and the
8609 path of a menu item, for example, "/File/Open" would be the name of a menu
8610 item which would come under the ItemFactory entry with path "/File". Note however
8611 that "/File/Open" would be displayed in the File menu as "Open". Also note
8612 since the forward slashes are used to define the path of the menu,
8613 they cannot be used as part of the name. A letter preceded by an underscore
8614 indicates an accelerator (shortcut) key once the menu is open.</para>
8617 <literal>*accelerator</literal> is a string that indicates a key combination
8618 that can be used as a shortcut to that menu item. The string can be made up
8619 of either a single character, or a combination of modifier keys with a single
8620 character. It is case insensitive.</para>
8623 <para>The available modifier keys are:</para>
8625 <programlisting role="C">
8627 "<CTL>" or "<CTRL>" or "<CONTROL>" - control
8628 "<MOD1>" to "<MOD5>" - modn
8629 "<SHFT>" or "<SHIFT>" - shift
8632 <para>Examples:</para>
8633 <programlisting role="C">
8635 "<SHFT><ALT><CONTROL>X"
8639 <literal>callback</literal> is the function that is called when the menu item
8640 emits the "activate" signal. The form of the callback is described
8641 in the <link linkend="sec-ItemFactoryCallback">Callback Description</link>
8645 The value of <literal>callback_action</literal> is passed to the callback
8646 function. It also affects the function prototype, as shown
8647 in the <link linkend="sec-ItemFactoryCallback">Callback Description</link>
8651 <literal>item_type</literal> is a string that defines what type of widget is
8652 packed into the menu items container. It can be:</para>
8654 <programlisting role="C">
8655 NULL or "" or "<Item>" - create a simple item
8656 "<Title>" - create a title item
8657 "<CheckItem>" - create a check item
8658 "<ToggleItem>" - create a toggle item
8659 "<RadioItem>" - create a (root) radio item
8660 "Path" - create a sister radio item
8661 "<Tearoff>" - create a tearoff
8662 "<Separator>" - create a separator
8663 "<Branch>" - create an item to hold submenus (optional)
8664 "<LastBranch>" - create a right justified branch
8665 "<StockItem>" - create a simple item with a stock image.
8666 see <filename>gtkstock.h</filename> for builtin stock items
8670 <para>Note that <LastBranch> is only useful for one submenu of
8673 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
8674 <sect3 id="sec-ItemFactoryCallback">
8675 <title>Callback Description</title>
8678 The callback for an ItemFactory entry can take two forms. If
8679 <literal>callback_action</literal> is zero, it is of the following
8682 <programlisting role="C">
8683 void callback( void )
8686 <para>otherwise it is of the form:</para>
8688 <programlisting role="C">
8689 void callback( gpointer callback_data,
8690 guint callback_action,
8695 <literal>callback_data</literal> is a pointer to an arbitrary piece of data and
8696 is set during the call to gtk_item_factory_create_items().</para>
8699 <literal>callback_action</literal> is the same value as
8700 <literal>callback_action</literal> in the ItemFactory entry.</para>
8703 <literal>*widget</literal> is a pointer to a menu item widget
8704 (described in <link linkend="sec-ManualMenuCreation">Manual Menu Creation</link>).
8708 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
8709 <sect3 id="sec-ItemFactoryEntryExamples">
8710 <title>ItemFactory entry examples</title>
8712 <para>Creating a simple menu item:</para>
8714 <programlisting role="C">
8715 GtkItemFactoryEntry entry = {"/_File/_Open...", "<CTRL>O", print_hello,
8719 <para>This will define a new simple menu entry "/File/Open" (displayed as "Open"),
8720 under the menu entry "/File". It has the accelerator (shortcut) control+'O'
8721 that when clicked calls the function print_hello(). print_hello() is of
8722 the form <literal>void print_hello(void)</literal> since the callback_action
8723 field is zero. When displayed the 'O' in "Open" will be underlined and if the
8724 menu item is visible on the screen pressing 'O' will activate the item. Note
8725 that "File/_Open" could also have been used as the path instead of
8726 "/_File/_Open".</para>
8728 <para>Creating an entry with a more complex callback:</para>
8730 <programlisting role="C">
8731 GtkItemFactoryEntry entry = {"/_View/Display _FPS", NULL, print_state,
8732 7,"<CheckItem>"};
8735 <para>This defines a new menu item displayed as "Display FPS" which is under
8736 the menu item "View". When clicked the function print_state() will be called.
8737 Since <literal>callback_action</literal> is not zero print_state() is of the
8740 <programlisting role="C">
8741 void print_state( gpointer callback_data,
8742 guint callback_action,
8746 <para>with <literal>callback_action</literal> equal to 7.</para>
8748 <para>Creating a radio button set:</para>
8750 <programlisting role="C">
8751 GtkItemFactoryEntry entry1 = {"/_View/_Low Resolution", NULL, change_resolution,
8752 1, "<RadioButton>"};
8753 GtkItemFactoryEntry entry2 = {"/_View/_High Resolution", NULL, change_resolution,
8754 2, "/View/Low Resolution"};
8757 <para><literal>entry1</literal> defines a lone radio button that when toggled
8758 calls the function change_resolution() with the parameter
8759 <literal>callback_action</literal> equal to 1. change_resolution() is of
8762 <programlisting role="C">
8763 void change_resolution(gpointer callback_data,
8764 guint callback_action,
8768 <para><literal>entry2</literal> defines a radio button that belongs to the
8769 radio group that entry1 belongs to. It calls the same function when toggled
8770 but with the parameter <literal>callback_action</literal> equal to 2. Note that
8771 the item_type of <literal>entry2</literal> is the path of entry1
8772 <emphasis>without</emphasis> the accelerators ('_'). If another radio button was
8773 required in the same group then it would be defined in the same way as
8774 <literal>entry2</literal> was with its <literal>item_type</literal> again
8775 equal to "/View/Low Resolution".</para>
8778 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
8779 <sect3 id="sec-ItemFactoryEntryArrays">
8780 <title>ItemFactoryEntry Arrays</title>
8782 <para>An ItemFactoryEntry on it's own however isn't useful. An array of
8783 entries is what's required to define a menu. Below is an example of how
8784 you'd declare this array.</para>
8786 <programlisting role="C">
8787 static GtkItemFactoryEntry entries[] = {
8788 { "/_File", NULL, NULL, 0, "<Branch>" },
8789 { "/File/tear1", NULL, NULL, 0, "<Tearoff>" },
8790 { "/File/_New", "<CTRL>N", new_file, 1, "<Item>" },
8791 { "/File/_Open...", "<CTRL>O", open_file, 1, "<Item>" },
8792 { "/File/sep1", NULL, NULL, 0, "<Separator>" },
8793 { "/File/_Quit", "<CTRL>Q", quit_program, 0, "<StockItem>", GTK_STOCK_QUIT } };
8798 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
8799 <sect2 id="sec-ItemFactoryCreation">
8800 <title>Creating an ItemFactory</title>
8802 <para>An array of GtkItemFactoryEntry items defines a menu. Once this
8803 array is defined then the item factory can be created. The function that
8804 does this is:</para>
8806 <programlisting role="C">
8807 GtkItemFactory* gtk_item_factory_new( GtkType container_type,
8809 GtkAccelGroup *accel_group );
8812 <para><literal>container_type</literal> can be one of:</para>
8814 <programlisting role="C">
8817 GTK_TYPE_OPTION_MENU
8820 <para><literal>container_type</literal> defines what type of menu
8821 you want, so when you extract it later it is either a menu (for pop-ups
8822 for instance), a menu bar, or an option menu (like a combo box but with
8823 a menu of pull downs).</para>
8825 <para><literal>path</literal> defines the path of the root of the menu.
8826 Basically it is a unique name for the root of the menu, it must be
8827 surrounded by "<>". This is important for the naming of the
8828 accelerators and should be unique. It should be unique both for each
8829 menu and between each program. For example in a program named 'foo', the
8830 main menu should be called "<FooMain>", and a pop-up menu
8831 "<FooImagePopUp>", or similar. What's important is that they're unique.</para>
8833 <para><literal>accel_group</literal> is a pointer to a gtk_accel_group. The
8834 item factory sets up the accelerator table while generating menus. New
8835 accelerator groups are generated by gtk_accel_group_new().</para>
8837 <para>But this is just the first step. To convert the array of GtkItemFactoryEntry
8838 information into widgets the following function is used:</para>
8840 <programlisting role="C">
8841 void gtk_item_factory_create_items( GtkItemFactory *ifactory,
8843 GtkItemFactoryEntry *entries,
8844 gpointer callback_data );
8847 <para><literal>*ifactory</literal> a pointer to the above created item factory.</para>
8848 <para><literal>n_entries</literal> is the number of entries in the
8849 GtkItemFactoryEntry array.</para>
8850 <para><literal>*entries</literal> is a pointer to the GtkItemFactoryEntry array.</para>
8851 <para><literal>callback_data</literal> is what gets passed to all the callback functions
8852 for all the entries with callback_action != 0.</para>
8854 <para>The accelerator group has now been formed, so you'll probably want
8855 to attach it to the window the menu is in:</para>
8857 <programlisting role="C">
8858 void gtk_window_add_accel_group( GtkWindow *window,
8859 GtkAccelGroup *accel_group);
8863 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
8864 <sect2 id="sec-UsingMenuandItems">
8865 <title>Making use of the menu and its menu items</title>
8867 <para>The last thing to do is make use of the menu. The following function
8868 extracts the relevant widgets from the ItemFactory:</para>
8870 <programlisting role="C">
8871 GtkWidget* gtk_item_factory_get_widget( GtkItemFactory *ifactory,
8872 const gchar *path );
8875 <para>For instance if an ItemFactory has two entries "/File" and "/File/New",
8876 using a path of "/File" would retrieve a <emphasis>menu</emphasis> widget from the
8877 ItemFactory. Using a path of "/File/New" would retrieve a
8878 <emphasis>menu item</emphasis> widget. This makes it possible to set the initial state
8879 of menu items. For example to set the default radio
8880 item to the one with the path "/Shape/Oval" then the following code would
8883 <programlisting role="C">
8884 gtk_check_menu_item_set_active(
8885 GTK_CHECK_MENU_ITEM (gtk_item_factory_get_item (item_factory, "/Shape/Oval")),
8889 <para>Finally to retrieve the root of the menu use gtk_item_factory_get_item()
8890 with a path of "<main>" (or whatever path was used in
8891 gtk_item_factory_new()). In the case of the ItemFactory being created with
8892 type GTK_TYPE_MENU_BAR this returns a menu bar widget. With type GTK_TYPE_MENU
8893 a menu widget is returned. With type GTK_TYPE_OPTION_MENU an option menu
8894 widget is returned.</para>
8896 <para><emphasis>Remember</emphasis> for an entry defined with path "/_File"
8897 the path here is actually "/File".</para>
8899 <para>Now you have a menubar or menu which can be manipulated in the same
8901 <link linkend="sec-ManualMenuCreation">Manual Menu Creation</link>
8906 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
8907 <sect1 id="sec-ItemFactoryExample">
8908 <title>Item Factory Example</title>
8910 <para>Here is an example using the GTK item factory.</para>
8912 <programlisting role="C">
8913 <!-- example-start menu itemfactory.c -->
8915 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
8917 /* Obligatory basic callback */
8918 static void print_hello( GtkWidget *w,
8921 g_message ("Hello, World!\n");
8924 /* For the check button */
8925 static void print_toggle( gpointer callback_data,
8926 guint callback_action,
8927 GtkWidget *menu_item )
8929 g_message ("Check button state - %d\n",
8930 GTK_CHECK_MENU_ITEM (menu_item)->active);
8933 /* For the radio buttons */
8934 static void print_selected( gpointer callback_data,
8935 guint callback_action,
8936 GtkWidget *menu_item )
8938 if(GTK_CHECK_MENU_ITEM(menu_item)->active)
8939 g_message ("Radio button %d selected\n", callback_action);
8942 /* Our menu, an array of GtkItemFactoryEntry structures that defines each menu item */
8943 static GtkItemFactoryEntry menu_items[] = {
8944 { "/_File", NULL, NULL, 0, "<Branch>" },
8945 { "/File/_New", "<control>N", print_hello, 0, "<StockItem>", GTK_STOCK_NEW },
8946 { "/File/_Open", "<control>O", print_hello, 0, "<StockItem>", GTK_STOCK_OPEN },
8947 { "/File/_Save", "<control>S", print_hello, 0, "<StockItem>", GTK_STOCK_SAVE },
8948 { "/File/Save _As", NULL, NULL, 0, "<Item>" },
8949 { "/File/sep1", NULL, NULL, 0, "<Separator>" },
8950 { "/File/_Quit", "<CTRL>Q", gtk_main_quit, 0, "<StockItem>", GTK_STOCK_QUIT },
8951 { "/_Options", NULL, NULL, 0, "<Branch>" },
8952 { "/Options/tear", NULL, NULL, 0, "<Tearoff>" },
8953 { "/Options/Check", NULL, print_toggle, 1, "<CheckItem>" },
8954 { "/Options/sep", NULL, NULL, 0, "<Separator>" },
8955 { "/Options/Rad1", NULL, print_selected, 1, "<RadioItem>" },
8956 { "/Options/Rad2", NULL, print_selected, 2, "/Options/Rad1" },
8957 { "/Options/Rad3", NULL, print_selected, 3, "/Options/Rad1" },
8958 { "/_Help", NULL, NULL, 0, "<LastBranch>" },
8959 { "/_Help/About", NULL, NULL, 0, "<Item>" },
8962 static gint nmenu_items = sizeof (menu_items) / sizeof (menu_items[0]);
8964 /* Returns a menubar widget made from the above menu */
8965 static GtkWidget *get_menubar_menu( GtkWidget *window )
8967 GtkItemFactory *item_factory;
8968 GtkAccelGroup *accel_group;
8970 /* Make an accelerator group (shortcut keys) */
8971 accel_group = gtk_accel_group_new ();
8973 /* Make an ItemFactory (that makes a menubar) */
8974 item_factory = gtk_item_factory_new (GTK_TYPE_MENU_BAR, "<main>",
8977 /* This function generates the menu items. Pass the item factory,
8978 the number of items in the array, the array itself, and any
8979 callback data for the the menu items. */
8980 gtk_item_factory_create_items (item_factory, nmenu_items, menu_items, NULL);
8982 /* Attach the new accelerator group to the window. */
8983 gtk_window_add_accel_group (GTK_WINDOW (window), accel_group);
8985 /* Finally, return the actual menu bar created by the item factory. */
8986 return gtk_item_factory_get_widget (item_factory, "<main>");
8989 /* Popup the menu when the popup button is pressed */
8990 static gboolean popup_cb( GtkWidget *widget,
8994 GdkEventButton *bevent = (GdkEventButton *)event;
8996 /* Only take button presses */
8997 if (event->type != GDK_BUTTON_PRESS)
9001 gtk_menu_popup (GTK_MENU(menu), NULL, NULL,
9002 NULL, NULL, bevent->button, bevent->time);
9007 /* Same as with get_menubar_menu() but just return a button with a signal to
9008 call a popup menu */
9009 GtkWidget *get_popup_menu( void )
9011 GtkItemFactory *item_factory;
9012 GtkWidget *button, *menu;
9014 /* Same as before but don't bother with the accelerators */
9015 item_factory = gtk_item_factory_new (GTK_TYPE_MENU, "<main>",
9017 gtk_item_factory_create_items (item_factory, nmenu_items, menu_items, NULL);
9018 menu = gtk_item_factory_get_widget (item_factory, "<main>");
9020 /* Make a button to activate the popup menu */
9021 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Popup");
9022 /* Make the menu popup when clicked */
9023 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT(button),
9025 G_CALLBACK(popup_cb),
9031 /* Same again but return an option menu */
9032 GtkWidget *get_option_menu( void )
9034 GtkItemFactory *item_factory;
9035 GtkWidget *option_menu;
9037 /* Same again, not bothering with the accelerators */
9038 item_factory = gtk_item_factory_new (GTK_TYPE_OPTION_MENU, "<main>",
9040 gtk_item_factory_create_items (item_factory, nmenu_items, menu_items, NULL);
9041 option_menu = gtk_item_factory_get_widget (item_factory, "<main>");
9046 /* You have to start somewhere */
9051 GtkWidget *main_vbox;
9052 GtkWidget *menubar, *option_menu, *popup_button;
9054 /* Initialize GTK */
9055 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
9058 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
9059 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
9060 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit),
9062 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW(window), "Item Factory");
9063 gtk_widget_set_size_request (GTK_WIDGET(window), 300, 200);
9065 /* Make a vbox to put the three menus in */
9066 main_vbox = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 1);
9067 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (main_vbox), 1);
9068 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), main_vbox);
9070 /* Get the three types of menu */
9071 /* Note: all three menus are separately created, so they are not the
9073 menubar = get_menubar_menu (window);
9074 popup_button = get_popup_menu ();
9075 option_menu = get_option_menu ();
9077 /* Pack it all together */
9078 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (main_vbox), menubar, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
9079 gtk_box_pack_end (GTK_BOX (main_vbox), popup_button, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
9080 gtk_box_pack_end (GTK_BOX (main_vbox), option_menu, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
9082 /* Show the widgets */
9083 gtk_widget_show_all (window);
9090 <!-- example-end -->
9096 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
9097 <chapter id="ch-UndocWidgets">
9098 <title>Undocumented Widgets</title>
9100 <para>These all require authors! :) Please consider contributing to our
9103 <para>If you must use one of these widgets that are undocumented, I strongly
9104 suggest you take a look at their respective header files in the GTK
9105 distribution. GTK's function names are very descriptive. Once you
9106 have an understanding of how things work, it's not difficult to figure
9107 out how to use a widget simply by looking at its function
9108 declarations. This, along with a few examples from others' code, and
9109 it should be no problem.</para>
9111 <para>When you do come to understand all the functions of a new undocumented
9112 widget, please consider writing a tutorial on it so others may benefit
9113 from your time.</para>
9115 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9116 <sect1 id="sec-AccelLabel">
9117 <title>Accel Label</title>
9123 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9124 <sect1 id="sec-OptionMenu">
9125 <title>Option Menu</title>
9131 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9132 <sect1 id="sec-MenuItems">
9133 <title>Menu Items</title>
9137 <sect2 id="sec-CheckMenuItem">
9138 <title>Check Menu Item</title>
9143 <sect2 id="sec-RadioMenuItem">
9144 <title>Radio Menu Item</title>
9149 <sect2 id="sec-SeparatorMenuItem">
9150 <title>Separator Menu Item</title>
9155 <sect2 id="sec-TearoffMenuItem">
9156 <title>Tearoff Menu Item</title>
9162 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9163 <sect1 id="sec-Curves">
9164 <title>Curves</title>
9170 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9171 <sect1 id="sec-DrawingArea">
9172 <title>Drawing Area</title>
9178 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9179 <sect1 id="sec-FontSelectionDialog">
9180 <title>Font Selection Dialog</title>
9186 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9187 <sect1 id="sec-MessageDialog">
9188 <title>Message Dialog</title>
9194 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9195 <sect1 id="sec-GammaCurve">
9196 <title>Gamma Curve</title>
9202 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9203 <sect1 id="sec-Image">
9204 <title>Image</title>
9210 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9211 <sect1 id="sec-PlugsAndSockets">
9212 <title>Plugs and Sockets</title>
9218 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9219 <sect1 id="sec-TreeView">
9220 <title>Tree View</title>
9226 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9227 <sect1 id="sec-TextView">
9228 <title>Text View</title>
9235 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
9236 <chapter id="ch-SettingWidgetAttributes">
9237 <title>Setting Widget Attributes</title>
9239 <para>This describes the functions used to operate on widgets. These can be
9240 used to set style, padding, size, etc.</para>
9242 <para>(Maybe I should make a whole section on accelerators.)</para>
9244 <programlisting role="C">
9245 void gtk_widget_activate( GtkWidget *widget );
9247 void gtk_widget_set_name( GtkWidget *widget,
9250 gchar *gtk_widget_get_name( GtkWidget *widget );
9252 void gtk_widget_set_sensitive( GtkWidget *widget,
9253 gboolean sensitive );
9255 void gtk_widget_set_style( GtkWidget *widget,
9258 GtkStyle *gtk_widget_get_style( GtkWidget *widget );
9260 GtkStyle *gtk_widget_get_default_style( void );
9262 void gtk_widget_set_size_request( GtkWidget *widget,
9266 void gtk_widget_grab_focus( GtkWidget *widget );
9268 void gtk_widget_show( GtkWidget *widget );
9270 void gtk_widget_hide( GtkWidget *widget );
9275 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
9276 <chapter id="ch-Timeouts">
9277 <title>Timeouts, IO and Idle Functions</title>
9279 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9280 <sect1 id="sec-Timeouts">
9281 <title>Timeouts</title>
9283 <para>You may be wondering how you make GTK do useful work when in gtk_main.
9284 Well, you have several options. Using the following function you can
9285 create a timeout function that will be called every "interval"
9286 milliseconds.</para>
9288 <programlisting role="C">
9289 gint g_timeout_add (guint32 interval,
9290 GtkFunction function,
9294 <para>The first argument is the number of milliseconds between calls to your
9295 function. The second argument is the function you wish to have called,
9296 and the third, the data passed to this callback function. The return
9297 value is an integer "tag" which may be used to stop the timeout by
9300 <programlisting role="C">
9301 void g_source_remove (gint tag);
9304 <para>You may also stop the timeout function by returning zero or FALSE from
9305 your callback function. Obviously this means if you want your function
9306 to continue to be called, it should return a non-zero value,
9309 <para>The declaration of your callback should look something like this:</para>
9311 <programlisting role="C">
9312 gint timeout_callback (gpointer data);
9317 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9318 <sect1 id="sec-MonitoringIO">
9319 <title>Monitoring IO</title>
9321 <para>A nifty feature of GDK (the library that underlies GTK), is the
9322 ability to have it check for data on a file descriptor for you (as
9323 returned by open(2) or socket(2)). This is especially useful for
9324 networking applications. The function:</para>
9326 <programlisting role="C">
9327 gint gdk_input_add( gint source,
9328 GdkInputCondition condition,
9329 GdkInputFunction function,
9333 <para>Where the first argument is the file descriptor you wish to have
9334 watched, and the second specifies what you want GDK to look for. This
9335 may be one of:</para>
9338 <listitem><simpara><literal>GDK_INPUT_READ</literal> - Call your function when there is data
9339 ready for reading on your file descriptor.</simpara>
9342 <listitem><simpara><literal>GDK_INPUT_WRITE</literal> - Call your function when the file
9343 descriptor is ready for writing.</simpara>
9347 <para>As I'm sure you've figured out already, the third argument is the
9348 function you wish to have called when the above conditions are
9349 satisfied, and the fourth is the data to pass to this function.</para>
9351 <para>The return value is a tag that may be used to stop GDK from monitoring
9352 this file descriptor using the following function.</para>
9354 <programlisting role="C">
9355 void gdk_input_remove( gint tag );
9358 <para>The callback function should be declared as:</para>
9360 <programlisting role="C">
9361 void input_callback( gpointer data,
9363 GdkInputCondition condition );
9366 <para>Where <literal>source</literal> and <literal>condition</literal> are as specified above.</para>
9370 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9371 <sect1 id="sec-IdleFunctions">
9372 <title>Idle Functions</title>
9374 <para><!-- TODO: Need to check on idle priorities - TRG -->
9375 What if you have a function which you want to be called when nothing
9376 else is happening ?</para>
9378 <programlisting role="C">
9379 gint gtk_idle_add( GtkFunction function,
9383 <para>This causes GTK to call the specified function whenever nothing else
9384 is happening.</para>
9386 <programlisting role="C">
9387 void gtk_idle_remove( gint tag );
9390 <para>I won't explain the meaning of the arguments as they follow very much
9391 like the ones above. The function pointed to by the first argument to
9392 gtk_idle_add will be called whenever the opportunity arises. As with
9393 the others, returning FALSE will stop the idle function from being
9399 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
9400 <chapter id="ch-AdvancedEventsAndSignals">
9401 <title>Advanced Event and Signal Handling</title>
9403 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9404 <sect1 id="sec-SignalFunctions">
9405 <title>Signal Functions</title>
9407 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9409 <title>Connecting and Disconnecting Signal Handlers</title>
9411 <programlisting role="C">
9412 gulong g_signal_connect( GObject *object,
9415 gpointer func_data );
9417 gulong g_signal_connect_after( GObject *object,
9420 gpointer func_data );
9422 gulong g_signal_connect_swapped( GObject *object,
9425 GObject *slot_object );
9427 void g_signal_handler_disconnect( GObject *object,
9428 gulong handler_id );
9430 void g_signal_handlers_disconnect_by_func( GObject *object,
9437 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9439 <title>Blocking and Unblocking Signal Handlers</title>
9441 <programlisting role="C">
9442 void g_signal_handler_block( GObject *object,
9445 void g_signal_handlers_block_by_func( GObject *object,
9449 void g_signal_handler_unblock( GObject *object,
9450 gulong handler_id );
9452 void g_signal_handler_unblock_by_func( GObject *object,
9459 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9461 <title>Emitting and Stopping Signals</title>
9463 <programlisting role="C">
9464 void g_signal_emit( GObject *object,
9468 void g_signal_emit_by_name( GObject *object,
9472 void g_signal_emitv( const GValue *instance_and_params,
9475 GValue *return_value );
9477 void g_signal_stop_emission( GObject *object,
9481 void g_signal_stop_emission_by_name( GObject *object,
9482 const gchar *detailed_signal );
9488 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9489 <sect1 id="sec-SignalEmissionAndPropagation">
9490 <title>Signal Emission and Propagation</title>
9492 <para>Signal emission is the process whereby GTK runs all handlers for a
9493 specific object and signal.</para>
9495 <para>First, note that the return value from a signal emission is the return
9496 value of the <emphasis>last</emphasis> handler executed. Since event signals are
9497 all of type <literal>GTK_RUN_LAST</literal>, this will be the default (GTK supplied)
9498 handler, unless you connect with gtk_signal_connect_after().</para>
9500 <para>The way an event (say "button_press_event") is handled, is:</para>
9503 <listitem><simpara>Start with the widget where the event occured.</simpara>
9506 <listitem><simpara>Emit the generic "event" signal. If that signal handler returns
9507 a value of TRUE, stop all processing.</simpara>
9510 <listitem><simpara>Otherwise, emit a specific, "button_press_event" signal. If that
9511 returns TRUE, stop all processing.</simpara>
9514 <listitem><simpara>Otherwise, go to the widget's parent, and repeat the above two
9518 <listitem><simpara>Continue until some signal handler returns TRUE, or until the
9519 top-level widget is reached.</simpara>
9523 <para>Some consequences of the above are:</para>
9526 <listitem><simpara>Your handler's return value will have no effect if there is a
9527 default handler, unless you connect with gtk_signal_connect_after().</simpara>
9530 <listitem><simpara>To prevent the default handler from being run, you need to
9531 connect with gtk_signal_connect() and use
9532 gtk_signal_emit_stop_by_name() - the return value only affects whether
9533 the signal is propagated, not the current emission.</simpara>
9540 <!-- continue GTK+ 2.0 review here -->
9542 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
9543 <chapter id="ch-ManagingSelections">
9544 <title>Managing Selections</title>
9546 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9547 <sect1 id="sec-SelectionsOverview">
9548 <title>Overview</title>
9550 <para>One type of interprocess communication supported by X and GTK is
9551 <emphasis>selections</emphasis>. A selection identifies a chunk of data, for
9552 instance, a portion of text, selected by the user in some fashion, for
9553 instance, by dragging with the mouse. Only one application on a
9554 display (the <emphasis>owner</emphasis>) can own a particular selection at one
9555 time, so when a selection is claimed by one application, the previous
9556 owner must indicate to the user that selection has been
9557 relinquished. Other applications can request the contents of a
9558 selection in different forms, called <emphasis>targets</emphasis>. There can be
9559 any number of selections, but most X applications only handle one, the
9560 <emphasis>primary selection</emphasis>.</para>
9562 <para>In most cases, it isn't necessary for a GTK application to deal with
9563 selections itself. The standard widgets, such as the Entry widget,
9564 already have the capability to claim the selection when appropriate
9565 (e.g., when the user drags over text), and to retrieve the contents of
9566 the selection owned by another widget or another application (e.g.,
9567 when the user clicks the second mouse button). However, there may be
9568 cases in which you want to give other widgets the ability to supply
9569 the selection, or you wish to retrieve targets not supported by
9572 <para>A fundamental concept needed to understand selection handling is that
9573 of the <emphasis>atom</emphasis>. An atom is an integer that uniquely identifies a
9574 string (on a certain display). Certain atoms are predefined by the X
9575 server, and in some cases there are constants in <literal>gtk.h</literal>
9576 corresponding to these atoms. For instance the constant
9577 <literal>GDK_PRIMARY_SELECTION</literal> corresponds to the string "PRIMARY".
9578 In other cases, you should use the functions
9579 <literal>gdk_atom_intern()</literal>, to get the atom corresponding to a string,
9580 and <literal>gdk_atom_name()</literal>, to get the name of an atom. Both
9581 selections and targets are identified by atoms.</para>
9584 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9585 <sect1 id="sec-RetrievingTheSelection">
9586 <title>Retrieving the selection</title>
9588 <para>Retrieving the selection is an asynchronous process. To start the
9589 process, you call:</para>
9591 <programlisting role="C">
9592 gboolean gtk_selection_convert( GtkWidget *widget,
9598 <para>This <emphasis>converts</emphasis> the selection into the form specified by
9599 <literal>target</literal>. If at all possible, the time field should be the time
9600 from the event that triggered the selection. This helps make sure that
9601 events occur in the order that the user requested them. However, if it
9602 is not available (for instance, if the conversion was triggered by a
9603 "clicked" signal), then you can use the constant
9604 <literal>GDK_CURRENT_TIME</literal>.</para>
9606 <para>When the selection owner responds to the request, a
9607 "selection_received" signal is sent to your application. The handler
9608 for this signal receives a pointer to a <literal>GtkSelectionData</literal>
9609 structure, which is defined as:</para>
9611 <programlisting role="C">
9612 struct _GtkSelectionData
9623 <para><literal>selection</literal> and <literal>target</literal> are the values you gave in your
9624 <literal>gtk_selection_convert()</literal> call. <literal>type</literal> is an atom that
9625 identifies the type of data returned by the selection owner. Some
9626 possible values are "STRING", a string of latin-1 characters, "ATOM",
9627 a series of atoms, "INTEGER", an integer, etc. Most targets can only
9628 return one type. <literal>format</literal> gives the length of the units (for
9629 instance characters) in bits. Usually, you don't care about this when
9630 receiving data. <literal>data</literal> is a pointer to the returned data, and
9631 <literal>length</literal> gives the length of the returned data, in bytes. If
9632 <literal>length</literal> is negative, then an error occurred and the selection
9633 could not be retrieved. This might happen if no application owned the
9634 selection, or if you requested a target that the application didn't
9635 support. The buffer is actually guaranteed to be one byte longer than
9636 <literal>length</literal>; the extra byte will always be zero, so it isn't
9637 necessary to make a copy of strings just to nul-terminate them.</para>
9639 <para>In the following example, we retrieve the special target "TARGETS",
9640 which is a list of all targets into which the selection can be
9643 <programlisting role="C">
9644 <!-- example-start selection gettargets.c -->
9646 #include <stdlib.h>
9647 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
9649 static void selection_received( GtkWidget *widget,
9650 GtkSelectionData *selection_data,
9653 /* Signal handler invoked when user clicks on the "Get Targets" button */
9654 static void get_targets( GtkWidget *widget,
9657 static GdkAtom targets_atom = GDK_NONE;
9658 GtkWidget *window = (GtkWidget *)data;
9660 /* Get the atom corresponding to the string "TARGETS" */
9661 if (targets_atom == GDK_NONE)
9662 targets_atom = gdk_atom_intern ("TARGETS", FALSE);
9664 /* And request the "TARGETS" target for the primary selection */
9665 gtk_selection_convert (window, GDK_SELECTION_PRIMARY, targets_atom,
9669 /* Signal handler called when the selections owner returns the data */
9670 static void selection_received( GtkWidget *widget,
9671 GtkSelectionData *selection_data,
9678 /* **** IMPORTANT **** Check to see if retrieval succeeded */
9679 if (selection_data->length < 0)
9681 g_print ("Selection retrieval failed\n");
9684 /* Make sure we got the data in the expected form */
9685 if (selection_data->type != GDK_SELECTION_TYPE_ATOM)
9687 g_print ("Selection \"TARGETS\" was not returned as atoms!\n");
9691 /* Print out the atoms we received */
9692 atoms = (GdkAtom *)selection_data->data;
9695 for (i = 0; i < selection_data->length / sizeof(GdkAtom); i++)
9698 name = gdk_atom_name (atoms[i]);
9700 g_print ("%s\n",name);
9702 g_print ("(bad atom)\n");
9714 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
9716 /* Create the toplevel window */
9718 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
9719 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Event Box");
9720 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
9722 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
9723 G_CALLBACK (exit), NULL);
9725 /* Create a button the user can click to get targets */
9727 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Get Targets");
9728 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), button);
9730 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
9731 G_CALLBACK (get_targets), (gpointer) window);
9732 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "selection_received",
9733 G_CALLBACK (selection_received), NULL);
9735 gtk_widget_show (button);
9736 gtk_widget_show (window);
9742 <!-- example-end -->
9746 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9747 <sect1 id="sec-SupplyingTheSelection">
9748 <title>Supplying the selection</title>
9750 <para>Supplying the selection is a bit more complicated. You must register
9751 handlers that will be called when your selection is requested. For
9752 each selection/target pair you will handle, you make a call to:</para>
9754 <programlisting role="C">
9755 void gtk_selection_add_target( GtkWidget *widget,
9761 <para><literal>widget</literal>, <literal>selection</literal>, and <literal>target</literal> identify the requests
9762 this handler will manage. When a request for a selection is received,
9763 the "selection_get" signal will be called. <literal>info</literal> can be used as an
9764 enumerator to identify the specific target within the callback function.</para>
9766 <para>The callback function has the signature:</para>
9768 <programlisting role="C">
9769 void "selection_get"( GtkWidget *widget,
9770 GtkSelectionData *selection_data,
9775 <para>The GtkSelectionData is the same as above, but this time, we're
9776 responsible for filling in the fields <literal>type</literal>, <literal>format</literal>,
9777 <literal>data</literal>, and <literal>length</literal>. (The <literal>format</literal> field is actually
9778 important here - the X server uses it to figure out whether the data
9779 needs to be byte-swapped or not. Usually it will be 8 - <emphasis>i.e.</emphasis> a
9780 character - or 32 - <emphasis>i.e.</emphasis> an integer.) This is done by calling the
9783 <programlisting role="C">
9784 void gtk_selection_data_set( GtkSelectionData *selection_data,
9791 <para>This function takes care of properly making a copy of the data so that
9792 you don't have to worry about keeping it around. (You should not fill
9793 in the fields of the GtkSelectionData structure by hand.)</para>
9795 <para>When prompted by the user, you claim ownership of the selection by
9798 <programlisting role="C">
9799 gboolean gtk_selection_owner_set( GtkWidget *widget,
9804 <para>If another application claims ownership of the selection, you will
9805 receive a "selection_clear_event".</para>
9807 <para>As an example of supplying the selection, the following program adds
9808 selection functionality to a toggle button. When the toggle button is
9809 depressed, the program claims the primary selection. The only target
9810 supported (aside from certain targets like "TARGETS" supplied by GTK
9811 itself), is the "STRING" target. When this target is requested, a
9812 string representation of the time is returned.</para>
9814 <programlisting role="C">
9815 <!-- example-start selection setselection.c -->
9817 #include <stdlib.h>
9818 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
9819 #include <time.h>
9820 #include <string.h>
9822 GtkWidget *selection_button;
9823 GtkWidget *selection_widget;
9825 /* Callback when the user toggles the selection */
9826 static void selection_toggled( GtkWidget *widget,
9827 gint *have_selection )
9829 if (GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (widget)->active)
9831 *have_selection = gtk_selection_owner_set (selection_widget,
9832 GDK_SELECTION_PRIMARY,
9834 /* if claiming the selection failed, we return the button to
9836 if (!*have_selection)
9837 gtk_toggle_button_set_active (GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (widget), FALSE);
9841 if (*have_selection)
9843 /* Before clearing the selection by setting the owner to NULL,
9844 we check if we are the actual owner */
9845 if (gdk_selection_owner_get (GDK_SELECTION_PRIMARY) == widget->window)
9846 gtk_selection_owner_set (NULL, GDK_SELECTION_PRIMARY,
9848 *have_selection = FALSE;
9853 /* Called when another application claims the selection */
9854 static gboolean selection_clear( GtkWidget *widget,
9855 GdkEventSelection *event,
9856 gint *have_selection )
9858 *have_selection = FALSE;
9859 gtk_toggle_button_set_active (GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (selection_button), FALSE);
9864 /* Supplies the current time as the selection. */
9865 static void selection_handle( GtkWidget *widget,
9866 GtkSelectionData *selection_data,
9872 time_t current_time;
9874 current_time = time (NULL);
9875 timestr = asctime (localtime (&current_time));
9876 /* When we return a single string, it should not be null terminated.
9877 That will be done for us */
9879 gtk_selection_data_set (selection_data, GDK_SELECTION_TYPE_STRING,
9880 8, timestr, strlen (timestr));
9888 static int have_selection = FALSE;
9890 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
9892 /* Create the toplevel window */
9894 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
9895 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Event Box");
9896 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
9898 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
9899 G_CALLBACK (exit), NULL);
9901 /* Create a toggle button to act as the selection */
9903 selection_widget = gtk_invisible_new ();
9904 selection_button = gtk_toggle_button_new_with_label ("Claim Selection");
9905 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), selection_button);
9906 gtk_widget_show (selection_button);
9908 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (selection_button), "toggled",
9909 G_CALLBACK (selection_toggled), (gpointer) &have_selection);
9910 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (selection_widget), "selection_clear_event",
9911 G_CALLBACK (selection_clear), (gpointer) &have_selection);
9913 gtk_selection_add_target (selection_widget,
9914 GDK_SELECTION_PRIMARY,
9915 GDK_SELECTION_TYPE_STRING,
9917 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (selection_widget), "selection_get",
9918 G_CALLBACK (selection_handle), (gpointer) &have_selection);
9920 gtk_widget_show (selection_button);
9921 gtk_widget_show (window);
9927 <!-- example-end -->
9933 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
9934 <chapter id="ch-DragAngDrop">
9935 <title>Drag-and-drop (DND)</title>
9937 <para>GTK+ has a high level set of functions for doing inter-process
9938 communication via the drag-and-drop system. GTK+ can perform
9939 drag-and-drop on top of the low level Xdnd and Motif drag-and-drop
9942 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9943 <sect1 id="sec-DragAndDropOverview">
9944 <title>Overview</title>
9946 <para>An application capable of GTK+ drag-and-drop first defines and sets up
9947 the GTK+ widget(s) for drag-and-drop. Each widget can be a source
9948 and/or destination for drag-and-drop. Note that these GTK+ widgets must have
9949 an associated X Window, check using GTK_WIDGET_NO_WINDOW(widget)).</para>
9951 <para>Source widgets can send out drag data, thus allowing the user to drag
9952 things off of them, while destination widgets can receive drag data.
9953 Drag-and-drop destinations can limit who they accept drag data from,
9954 e.g. the same application or any application (including itself).</para>
9956 <para>Sending and receiving drop data makes use of GTK+ signals.
9957 Dropping an item to a destination widget requires both a data
9958 request (for the source widget) and data received signal handler (for
9959 the target widget). Additional signal handers can be connected if you
9960 want to know when a drag begins (at the very instant it starts), to
9961 when a drop is made, and when the entire drag-and-drop procedure has
9962 ended (successfully or not).</para>
9964 <para>Your application will need to provide data for source widgets when
9965 requested, that involves having a drag data request signal handler. For
9966 destination widgets they will need a drop data received signal
9969 <para>So a typical drag-and-drop cycle would look as follows:</para>
9971 <listitem><simpara> Drag begins.</simpara>
9973 <listitem><simpara> Drag data request (when a drop occurs).</simpara>
9975 <listitem><simpara> Drop data received (may be on same or different
9976 application).</simpara>
9978 <listitem><simpara> Drag data delete (if the drag was a move).</simpara>
9980 <listitem><simpara> Drag-and-drop procedure done.</simpara>
9984 <para>There are a few minor steps that go in between here and there, but we
9985 will get into detail about that later.</para>
9989 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
9990 <sect1 id="sec-DragAndDropProperties">
9991 <title>Properties</title>
9993 <para>Drag data has the following properties:</para>
9996 <listitem><simpara> Drag action type (ie GDK_ACTION_COPY, GDK_ACTION_MOVE).</simpara>
9999 <listitem><simpara> Client specified arbitrary drag-and-drop type (a name and number pair).</simpara>
10002 <listitem><simpara> Sent and received data format type.</simpara>
10006 <para>Drag actions are quite obvious, they specify if the widget can
10007 drag with the specified action(s), e.g. GDK_ACTION_COPY and/or
10008 GDK_ACTION_MOVE. A GDK_ACTION_COPY would be a typical drag-and-drop
10009 without the source data being deleted while GDK_ACTION_MOVE would be
10010 just like GDK_ACTION_COPY but the source data will be 'suggested' to be
10011 deleted after the received signal handler is called. There are
10012 additional drag actions including GDK_ACTION_LINK which you may want to
10013 look into when you get to more advanced levels of drag-and-drop.</para>
10015 <para>The client specified arbitrary drag-and-drop type is much more
10016 flexible, because your application will be defining and checking for
10017 that specifically. You will need to set up your destination widgets to
10018 receive certain drag-and-drop types by specifying a name and/or number.
10019 It would be more reliable to use a name since another application may
10020 just happen to use the same number for an entirely different
10023 <para>Sent and received data format types (<emphasis>selection
10024 target</emphasis>) come into play only in your request and received
10025 data handler functions. The term <emphasis>selection target</emphasis>
10026 is somewhat misleading. It is a term adapted from GTK+ selection
10027 (cut/copy and paste). What <emphasis>selection target</emphasis>
10028 actually means is the data's format type (i.e. GdkAtom, integer, or
10029 string) that being sent or received. Your request data handler function
10030 needs to specify the type (<emphasis>selection target</emphasis>) of
10031 data that it sends out and your received data handler needs to handle
10032 the type (<emphasis>selection target</emphasis>) of data
10037 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
10038 <sect1 id="sec-DragAndDropFunctions">
10039 <title>Functions</title>
10041 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
10042 <sect2 id="sec-DNDSourceWidgets">
10043 <title>Setting up the source widget</title>
10045 <para>The function <literal>gtk_drag_source_set()</literal> specifies a
10046 set of target types for a drag operation on a widget.</para>
10048 <programlisting role="C">
10049 void gtk_drag_source_set( GtkWidget *widget,
10050 GdkModifierType start_button_mask,
10051 const GtkTargetEntry *targets,
10053 GdkDragAction actions );
10056 <para>The parameters signify the following:</para>
10058 <listitem><simpara><literal>widget</literal> specifies the drag source
10061 <listitem><simpara><literal>start_button_mask</literal> specifies a
10062 bitmask of buttons that can start the drag (e.g. GDK_BUTTON1_MASK)</simpara>
10064 <listitem><simpara><literal>targets</literal> specifies a table of
10065 target data types the drag will support</simpara>
10067 <listitem><simpara><literal>n_targets</literal> specifies the number of
10068 targets above</simpara>
10070 <listitem><simpara><literal>actions</literal> specifies a bitmask of
10071 possible actions for a drag from this window</simpara>
10075 <para>The <literal>targets</literal> parameter is an array of the
10076 following structure:</para>
10078 <programlisting role="C">
10079 struct GtkTargetEntry {
10086 <para>The fields specify a string representing the drag type, optional
10087 flags and application assigned integer identifier.</para>
10089 <para>If a widget is no longer required to act as a source for
10090 drag-and-drop operations, the function
10091 <literal>gtk_drag_source_unset()</literal> can be used to remove a set
10092 of drag-and-drop target types.</para>
10094 <programlisting role="C">
10095 void gtk_drag_source_unset( GtkWidget *widget );
10100 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
10101 <sect2 id="sec-SignalsOnSourceWidgets">
10102 <title>Signals on the source widget:</title>
10104 <para>The source widget is sent the following signals during a
10105 drag-and-drop operation.</para>
10108 <title>Source widget signals</title>
10110 <colspec colname="Name" colwidth="150">
10111 <colspec colname="Prototype">
10114 <entry align="left" valign="middle">drag_begin</entry>
10115 <entry align="left" valign="middle"><literal>void (*drag_begin)(GtkWidget *widget,
10116 GdkDragContext *dc, gpointer data)</literal></entry>
10119 <entry align="left" valign="middle">drag_motion</entry>
10120 <entry align="left" valign="middle"><literal>gboolean (*drag_motion)(GtkWidget *widget,
10121 GdkDragContext *dc, gint x, gint y, guint t, gpointer data)</literal></entry>
10124 <entry align="left" valign="middle">drag_data_get</entry>
10125 <entry align="left" valign="middle"><literal>void (*drag_data_get)(GtkWidget *widget,
10126 GdkDragContext *dc, GtkSelectionData *selection_data, guint info, guint t, gpointer data)</literal></entry>
10129 <entry align="left" valign="middle">drag_data_delete</entry>
10130 <entry align="left" valign="middle"><literal>void (*drag_data_delete)(GtkWidget *widget,
10131 GdkDragContext *dc, gpointer data)</literal></entry>
10134 <entry align="left" valign="middle">drag_drop</entry>
10135 <entry align="left" valign="middle"><literal>gboolean (*drag_drop)(GtkWidget *widget,
10136 GdkDragContext *dc, gint x, gint y, guint t, gpointer data)</literal></entry>
10139 <entry align="left" valign="middle">drag_end</entry>
10140 <entry align="left" valign="middle"><literal>void (*drag_end)(GtkWidget *widget,
10141 GdkDragContext *dc, gpointer data)</literal></entry>
10149 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
10150 <sect2 id="sec-DNDDestWidgets">
10151 <title>Setting up a destination widget:</title>
10153 <para> <literal> gtk_drag_dest_set()</literal> specifies
10154 that this widget can receive drops and specifies what types of drops it
10155 can receive.</para>
10157 <para> <literal> gtk_drag_dest_unset()</literal> specifies
10158 that the widget can no longer receive drops.</para>
10160 <programlisting role="C">
10161 void gtk_drag_dest_set( GtkWidget *widget,
10162 GtkDestDefaults flags,
10163 const GtkTargetEntry *targets,
10165 GdkDragAction actions );
10167 void gtk_drag_dest_unset( GtkWidget *widget );
10172 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
10173 <sect2 id="sec-SignalsOnDestWidgets">
10174 <title>Signals on the destination widget:</title>
10176 <para>The destination widget is sent the following signals during a
10177 drag-and-drop operation.</para>
10180 <title>Destination widget signals</title>
10182 <colspec colname="Name" colwidth="150">
10183 <colspec colname="Prototype">
10186 <entry align="left" valign="middle">drag_data_received</entry>
10187 <entry align="left" valign="middle"><literal>void (*drag_data_received)(GtkWidget *widget,
10188 GdkDragContext *dc, gint x, gint y, GtkSelectionData *selection_data, guint info, guint t,
10189 gpointer data)</literal></entry>
10199 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
10200 <chapter id="ch-GLib">
10201 <title>GLib</title>
10203 <para>GLib is a lower-level library that provides many useful definitions
10204 and functions available for use when creating GDK and GTK
10205 applications. These include definitions for basic types and their
10206 limits, standard macros, type conversions, byte order, memory
10207 allocation, warnings and assertions, message logging, timers, string
10208 utilities, hook functions, a lexical scanner, dynamic loading of
10209 modules, and automatic string completion. A number of data structures
10210 (and their related operations) are also defined, including memory
10211 chunks, doubly-linked lists, singly-linked lists, hash tables, strings
10212 (which can grow dynamically), string chunks (groups of strings),
10213 arrays (which can grow in size as elements are added), balanced binary
10214 trees, N-ary trees, quarks (a two-way association of a string and a
10215 unique integer identifier), keyed data lists (lists of data elements
10216 accessible by a string or integer id), relations and tuples (tables of
10217 data which can be indexed on any number of fields), and caches.</para>
10219 <para>A summary of some of GLib's capabilities follows; not every function,
10220 data structure, or operation is covered here. For more complete
10221 information about the GLib routines, see the GLib documentation. One
10222 source of GLib documentation is <ulink url="http://www.gtk.org/">http://www.gtk.org/</ulink>.</para>
10224 <para>If you are using a language other than C, you should consult your
10225 language's binding documentation. In some cases your language may
10226 have equivalent functionality built-in, while in other cases it may
10229 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
10230 <sect1 id="sec-Definitions">
10231 <title>Definitions</title>
10233 <para>Definitions for the extremes of many of the standard types are:</para>
10235 <programlisting role="C">
10254 <para>Also, the following typedefs. The ones left unspecified are dynamically set
10255 depending on the architecture. Remember to avoid counting on the size of a
10256 pointer if you want to be portable! E.g., a pointer on an Alpha is 8
10257 bytes, but 4 on Intel 80x86 family CPUs.</para>
10259 <programlisting role="C">
10266 unsigned char guchar;
10267 unsigned short gushort;
10268 unsigned long gulong;
10269 unsigned int guint;
10274 unsigned int gsize;
10278 const void* gconstpointer;
10292 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
10293 <sect1 id="sec-DoublyLinkedLists">
10294 <title>Doubly Linked Lists</title>
10296 <para>The following functions are used to create, manage, and destroy
10297 standard doubly linked lists. Each element in the list contains a
10298 piece of data, together with pointers which link to the previous and
10299 next elements in the list. This enables easy movement in either
10300 direction through the list. The data item is of type "gpointer",
10301 which means the data can be a pointer to your real data or (through
10302 casting) a numeric value (but do not assume that int and gpointer have
10303 the same size!). These routines internally allocate list elements in
10304 blocks, which is more efficient than allocating elements individually.</para>
10306 <para>There is no function to specifically create a list. Instead, simply
10307 create a variable of type GList* and set its value to NULL; NULL is
10308 considered to be the empty list.</para>
10310 <para>To add elements to a list, use the g_list_append(), g_list_prepend(),
10311 g_list_insert(), or g_list_insert_sorted() routines. In all cases
10312 they accept a pointer to the beginning of the list, and return the
10313 (possibly changed) pointer to the beginning of the list. Thus, for
10314 all of the operations that add or remove elements, be sure to save the
10315 returned value!</para>
10317 <programlisting role="C">
10318 GList *g_list_append( GList *list,
10322 <para>This adds a new element (with value <literal>data</literal>) onto the end of the
10325 <programlisting role="C">
10326 GList *g_list_prepend( GList *list,
10330 <para>This adds a new element (with value <literal>data</literal>) to the beginning of the
10333 <programlisting role="C">
10334 GList *g_list_insert( GList *list,
10339 <para>This inserts a new element (with value data) into the list at the
10340 given position. If position is 0, this is just like g_list_prepend();
10341 if position is less than 0, this is just like g_list_append().</para>
10343 <programlisting role="C">
10344 GList *g_list_remove( GList *list,
10348 <para>This removes the element in the list with the value <literal>data</literal>;
10349 if the element isn't there, the list is unchanged.</para>
10351 <programlisting role="C">
10352 void g_list_free( GList *list );
10355 <para>This frees all of the memory used by a GList. If the list elements
10356 refer to dynamically-allocated memory, then they should be freed
10359 <para>There are many other GLib functions that support doubly linked lists;
10360 see the glib documentation for more information. Here are a few of
10361 the more useful functions' signatures:</para>
10363 <programlisting role="C">
10364 GList *g_list_remove_link( GList *list,
10367 GList *g_list_reverse( GList *list );
10369 GList *g_list_nth( GList *list,
10372 GList *g_list_find( GList *list,
10375 GList *g_list_last( GList *list );
10377 GList *g_list_first( GList *list );
10379 gint g_list_length( GList *list );
10381 void g_list_foreach( GList *list,
10383 gpointer user_data );
10388 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
10389 <sect1 id="sec-SinglyLinkedLists">
10390 <title>Singly Linked Lists</title>
10392 <para>Many of the above functions for singly linked lists are identical to the
10393 above. Here is a list of some of their operations:</para>
10395 <programlisting role="C">
10396 GSList *g_slist_append( GSList *list,
10399 GSList *g_slist_prepend( GSList *list,
10402 GSList *g_slist_insert( GSList *list,
10406 GSList *g_slist_remove( GSList *list,
10409 GSList *g_slist_remove_link( GSList *list,
10412 GSList *g_slist_reverse( GSList *list );
10414 GSList *g_slist_nth( GSList *list,
10417 GSList *g_slist_find( GSList *list,
10420 GSList *g_slist_last( GSList *list );
10422 gint g_slist_length( GSList *list );
10424 void g_slist_foreach( GSList *list,
10426 gpointer user_data );
10432 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
10433 <sect1 id="sec-MemoryManagement">
10434 <title>Memory Management</title>
10436 <programlisting role="C">
10437 gpointer g_malloc( gulong size );
10440 <para>This is a replacement for malloc(). You do not need to check the return
10441 value as it is done for you in this function. If the memory allocation
10442 fails for whatever reasons, your applications will be terminated.</para>
10444 <programlisting role="C">
10445 gpointer g_malloc0( gulong size );
10448 <para>Same as above, but zeroes the memory before returning a pointer to it.</para>
10450 <programlisting role="C">
10451 gpointer g_realloc( gpointer mem,
10455 <para>Relocates "size" bytes of memory starting at "mem". Obviously, the
10456 memory should have been previously allocated.</para>
10458 <programlisting role="C">
10459 void g_free( gpointer mem );
10462 <para>Frees memory. Easy one. If <literal>mem</literal> is NULL it simply returns.</para>
10464 <programlisting role="C">
10465 void g_mem_profile( void );
10468 <para>Dumps a profile of used memory, but requires that you add <literal>#define
10469 MEM_PROFILE</literal> to the top of glib/gmem.c and re-make and make install.</para>
10471 <programlisting role="C">
10472 void g_mem_check( gpointer mem );
10475 <para>Checks that a memory location is valid. Requires you add <literal>#define
10476 MEM_CHECK</literal> to the top of gmem.c and re-make and make install.</para>
10480 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
10481 <sect1 id="sec-Timers">
10482 <title>Timers</title>
10484 <para>Timer functions can be used to time operations (e.g., to see how much
10485 time has elapsed). First, you create a new timer with g_timer_new().
10486 You can then use g_timer_start() to start timing an operation,
10487 g_timer_stop() to stop timing an operation, and g_timer_elapsed() to
10488 determine the elapsed time.</para>
10490 <programlisting role="C">
10491 GTimer *g_timer_new( void );
10493 void g_timer_destroy( GTimer *timer );
10495 void g_timer_start( GTimer *timer );
10497 void g_timer_stop( GTimer *timer );
10499 void g_timer_reset( GTimer *timer );
10501 gdouble g_timer_elapsed( GTimer *timer,
10502 gulong *microseconds );
10507 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
10508 <sect1 id="sec-StringHandling">
10509 <title>String Handling</title>
10511 <para>GLib defines a new type called a GString, which is similar to a
10512 standard C string but one that grows automatically. Its string data
10513 is null-terminated. What this gives you is protection from buffer
10514 overflow programming errors within your program. This is a very
10515 important feature, and hence I recommend that you make use of
10516 GStrings. GString itself has a simple public definition:</para>
10518 <programlisting role="C">
10521 gchar *str; /* Points to the string's current \0-terminated value. */
10522 gint len; /* Current length */
10526 <para>As you might expect, there are a number of operations you can do with
10529 <programlisting role="C">
10530 GString *g_string_new( gchar *init );
10533 <para>This constructs a GString, copying the string value of <literal>init</literal>
10534 into the GString and returning a pointer to it. NULL may be given as
10535 the argument for an initially empty GString.</para>
10537 <programlisting role="C">
10538 void g_string_free( GString *string,
10539 gint free_segment );
10542 <para>This frees the memory for the given GString. If <literal>free_segment</literal> is
10543 TRUE, then this also frees its character data.</para>
10545 <programlisting role="C">
10546 GString *g_string_assign( GString *lval,
10547 const gchar *rval );
10550 <para>This copies the characters from rval into lval, destroying the
10551 previous contents of lval. Note that lval will be lengthened as
10552 necessary to hold the string's contents, unlike the standard strcpy()
10555 <para>The rest of these functions should be relatively obvious (the _c
10556 versions accept a character instead of a string):</para>
10558 <programlisting role="C">
10559 GString *g_string_truncate( GString *string,
10562 GString *g_string_append( GString *string,
10565 GString *g_string_append_c( GString *string,
10568 GString *g_string_prepend( GString *string,
10571 GString *g_string_prepend_c( GString *string,
10574 void g_string_sprintf( GString *string,
10578 void g_string_sprintfa ( GString *string,
10585 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
10586 <sect1 id="sec-UtilityAndErrorFunctions">
10587 <title>Utility and Error Functions</title>
10589 <programlisting role="C">
10590 gchar *g_strdup( const gchar *str );
10593 <para>Replacement strdup function. Copies the original strings contents to
10594 newly allocated memory, and returns a pointer to it.</para>
10596 <programlisting role="C">
10597 gchar *g_strerror( gint errnum );
10600 <para>I recommend using this for all error messages. It's much nicer, and more
10601 portable than perror() or others. The output is usually of the form:</para>
10603 <programlisting role="C">
10604 program name:function that failed:file or further description:strerror
10607 <para>Here's an example of one such call used in our hello_world program:</para>
10609 <programlisting role="C">
10610 g_print("hello_world:open:%s:%s\n", filename, g_strerror(errno));
10613 <programlisting role="C">
10614 void g_error( gchar *format, ... );
10617 <para>Prints an error message. The format is just like printf, but it
10618 prepends "** ERROR **: " to your message, and exits the program.
10619 Use only for fatal errors.</para>
10621 <programlisting role="C">
10622 void g_warning( gchar *format, ... );
10625 <para>Same as above, but prepends "** WARNING **: ", and does not exit the
10628 <programlisting role="C">
10629 void g_message( gchar *format, ... );
10632 <para>Prints "message: " prepended to the string you pass in.</para>
10634 <programlisting role="C">
10635 void g_print( gchar *format, ... );
10638 <para>Replacement for printf().</para>
10640 <para>And our last function:</para>
10642 <programlisting role="C">
10643 gchar *g_strsignal( gint signum );
10646 <para>Prints out the name of the Unix system signal given the signal number.
10647 Useful in generic signal handling functions.</para>
10649 <para>All of the above are more or less just stolen from glib.h. If anyone cares
10650 to document any function, just send me an email!</para>
10655 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
10656 <chapter id="ch-GTKRCFiles">
10657 <title>GTK's rc Files</title>
10659 <para>GTK has its own way of dealing with application defaults, by using rc
10660 files. These can be used to set the colors of just about any widget, and
10661 can also be used to tile pixmaps onto the background of some widgets. </para>
10663 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
10664 <sect1 id="sec-FunctionsForRCFiles">
10665 <title>Functions For rc Files</title>
10667 <para>When your application starts, you should include a call to:</para>
10669 <programlisting role="C">
10670 void gtk_rc_parse( char *filename );
10673 <para>Passing in the filename of your rc file. This will cause GTK to parse
10674 this file, and use the style settings for the widget types defined
10677 <para>If you wish to have a special set of widgets that can take on a
10678 different style from others, or any other logical division of widgets,
10679 use a call to:</para>
10681 <programlisting role="C">
10682 void gtk_widget_set_name( GtkWidget *widget,
10686 <para>Passing your newly created widget as the first argument, and the name
10687 you wish to give it as the second. This will allow you to change the
10688 attributes of this widget by name through the rc file.</para>
10690 <para>If we use a call something like this:</para>
10692 <programlisting role="C">
10693 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Special Button");
10694 gtk_widget_set_name (button, "special button");
10697 <para>Then this button is given the name "special button" and may be addressed by
10698 name in the rc file as "special button.GtkButton". [<--- Verify ME!]</para>
10700 <para>The example rc file below, sets the properties of the main window, and lets
10701 all children of that main window inherit the style described by the "main
10702 button" style. The code used in the application is:</para>
10704 <programlisting role="C">
10705 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
10706 gtk_widget_set_name (window, "main window");
10709 <para>And then the style is defined in the rc file using:</para>
10711 <programlisting role="C">
10712 widget "main window.*GtkButton*" style "main_button"
10715 <para>Which sets all the Button widgets in the "main window" to the
10716 "main_buttons" style as defined in the rc file.</para>
10718 <para>As you can see, this is a fairly powerful and flexible system. Use your
10719 imagination as to how best to take advantage of this.</para>
10723 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
10724 <sect1 id="sec-GTKsRCFileFormat">
10725 <title>GTK's rc File Format</title>
10727 <para>The format of the GTK file is illustrated in the example below. This is
10728 the testgtkrc file from the GTK distribution, but I've added a
10729 few comments and things. You may wish to include this explanation in
10730 your application to allow the user to fine tune his application.</para>
10732 <para>There are several directives to change the attributes of a widget.</para>
10735 <listitem><simpara>fg - Sets the foreground color of a widget.</simpara>
10737 <listitem><simpara>bg - Sets the background color of a widget.</simpara>
10739 <listitem><simpara>bg_pixmap - Sets the background of a widget to a tiled pixmap.</simpara>
10741 <listitem><simpara>font - Sets the font to be used with the given widget.</simpara>
10745 <para>In addition to this, there are several states a widget can be in, and you
10746 can set different colors, pixmaps and fonts for each state. These states are:</para>
10749 <listitem><simpara>NORMAL - The normal state of a widget, without the mouse over top of
10750 it, and not being pressed, etc.</simpara>
10752 <listitem><simpara>PRELIGHT - When the mouse is over top of the widget, colors defined
10753 using this state will be in effect.</simpara>
10755 <listitem><simpara>ACTIVE - When the widget is pressed or clicked it will be active, and
10756 the attributes assigned by this tag will be in effect.</simpara>
10758 <listitem><simpara>INSENSITIVE - When a widget is set insensitive, and cannot be
10759 activated, it will take these attributes.</simpara>
10761 <listitem><simpara>SELECTED - When an object is selected, it takes these attributes.</simpara>
10765 <para>When using the "fg" and "bg" keywords to set the colors of widgets, the
10768 <programlisting role="C">
10769 fg[<STATE>] = { Red, Green, Blue }
10772 <para>Where STATE is one of the above states (PRELIGHT, ACTIVE, etc), and the Red,
10773 Green and Blue are values in the range of 0 - 1.0, { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 } being
10774 white. They must be in float form, or they will register as 0, so a straight
10775 "1" will not work, it must be "1.0". A straight "0" is fine because it
10776 doesn't matter if it's not recognized. Unrecognized values are set to 0.</para>
10778 <para>bg_pixmap is very similar to the above, except the colors are replaced by a
10781 <para>pixmap_path is a list of paths separated by ":"'s. These paths will be
10782 searched for any pixmap you specify.</para>
10784 <para>The font directive is simply:</para>
10786 <programlisting role="C">
10787 font = "<font name>"
10790 <para>The only hard part is figuring out the font string. Using xfontsel or
10791 a similar utility should help.</para>
10793 <para>The "widget_class" sets the style of a class of widgets. These classes are
10794 listed in the widget overview on the class hierarchy.</para>
10796 <para>The "widget" directive sets a specifically named set of widgets to a
10797 given style, overriding any style set for the given widget class.
10798 These widgets are registered inside the application using the
10799 gtk_widget_set_name() call. This allows you to specify the attributes of a
10800 widget on a per widget basis, rather than setting the attributes of an
10801 entire widget class. I urge you to document any of these special widgets so
10802 users may customize them.</para>
10804 <para>When the keyword <literal>parent</> is used as an attribute, the widget will take on
10805 the attributes of its parent in the application.</para>
10807 <para>When defining a style, you may assign the attributes of a previously defined
10808 style to this new one.</para>
10810 <programlisting role="C">
10811 style "main_button" = "button"
10813 font = "-adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-*-*-*-*"
10814 bg[PRELIGHT] = { 0.75, 0, 0 }
10818 <para>This example takes the "button" style, and creates a new "main_button" style
10819 simply by changing the font and prelight background color of the "button"
10822 <para>Of course, many of these attributes don't apply to all widgets. It's a
10823 simple matter of common sense really. Anything that could apply, should.</para>
10827 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
10828 <sect1 id="sec-ExampleRCFile">
10829 <title>Example rc file</title>
10831 <programlisting role="C">
10832 # pixmap_path "<dir 1>:<dir 2>:<dir 3>:..."
10834 pixmap_path "/usr/include/X11R6/pixmaps:/home/imain/pixmaps"
10836 # style <name> [= <name>]
10841 # widget <widget_set> style <style_name>
10842 # widget_class <widget_class_set> style <style_name>
10844 # Here is a list of all the possible states. Note that some do not apply to
10847 # NORMAL - The normal state of a widget, without the mouse over top of
10848 # it, and not being pressed, etc.
10850 # PRELIGHT - When the mouse is over top of the widget, colors defined
10851 # using this state will be in effect.
10853 # ACTIVE - When the widget is pressed or clicked it will be active, and
10854 # the attributes assigned by this tag will be in effect.
10856 # INSENSITIVE - When a widget is set insensitive, and cannot be
10857 # activated, it will take these attributes.
10859 # SELECTED - When an object is selected, it takes these attributes.
10861 # Given these states, we can set the attributes of the widgets in each of
10862 # these states using the following directives.
10864 # fg - Sets the foreground color of a widget.
10865 # fg - Sets the background color of a widget.
10866 # bg_pixmap - Sets the background of a widget to a tiled pixmap.
10867 # font - Sets the font to be used with the given widget.
10870 # This sets a style called "button". The name is not really important, as
10871 # it is assigned to the actual widgets at the bottom of the file.
10875 #This sets the padding around the window to the pixmap specified.
10876 #bg_pixmap[<STATE>] = "<pixmap filename>"
10877 bg_pixmap[NORMAL] = "warning.xpm"
10882 #Sets the foreground color (font color) to red when in the "NORMAL"
10885 fg[NORMAL] = { 1.0, 0, 0 }
10887 #Sets the background pixmap of this widget to that of its parent.
10888 bg_pixmap[NORMAL] = "<parent>"
10893 # This shows all the possible states for a button. The only one that
10894 # doesn't apply is the SELECTED state.
10896 fg[PRELIGHT] = { 0, 1.0, 1.0 }
10897 bg[PRELIGHT] = { 0, 0, 1.0 }
10898 bg[ACTIVE] = { 1.0, 0, 0 }
10899 fg[ACTIVE] = { 0, 1.0, 0 }
10900 bg[NORMAL] = { 1.0, 1.0, 0 }
10901 fg[NORMAL] = { .99, 0, .99 }
10902 bg[INSENSITIVE] = { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 }
10903 fg[INSENSITIVE] = { 1.0, 0, 1.0 }
10906 # In this example, we inherit the attributes of the "button" style and then
10907 # override the font and background color when prelit to create a new
10908 # "main_button" style.
10910 style "main_button" = "button"
10912 font = "-adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-*-*-*-*"
10913 bg[PRELIGHT] = { 0.75, 0, 0 }
10916 style "toggle_button" = "button"
10918 fg[NORMAL] = { 1.0, 0, 0 }
10919 fg[ACTIVE] = { 1.0, 0, 0 }
10921 # This sets the background pixmap of the toggle_button to that of its
10922 # parent widget (as defined in the application).
10923 bg_pixmap[NORMAL] = "<parent>"
10928 bg_pixmap[NORMAL] = "marble.xpm"
10929 fg[NORMAL] = { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 }
10934 font = "-adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--*-80-*-*-*-*-*-*"
10937 # pixmap_path "~/.pixmaps"
10939 # These set the widget types to use the styles defined above.
10940 # The widget types are listed in the class hierarchy, but could probably be
10941 # just listed in this document for the users reference.
10943 widget_class "GtkWindow" style "window"
10944 widget_class "GtkDialog" style "window"
10945 widget_class "GtkFileSelection" style "window"
10946 widget_class "*Gtk*Scale" style "scale"
10947 widget_class "*GtkCheckButton*" style "toggle_button"
10948 widget_class "*GtkRadioButton*" style "toggle_button"
10949 widget_class "*GtkButton*" style "button"
10950 widget_class "*Ruler" style "ruler"
10951 widget_class "*GtkText" style "text"
10953 # This sets all the buttons that are children of the "main window" to
10954 # the main_button style. These must be documented to be taken advantage of.
10955 widget "main window.*GtkButton*" style "main_button"
10961 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
10962 <chapter id="ch-WritingYourOwnWidgets">
10963 <title>Writing Your Own Widgets</title>
10965 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
10966 <sect1 id="sec-WidgetsOverview">
10967 <title>Overview</title>
10969 <para>Although the GTK distribution comes with many types of widgets that
10970 should cover most basic needs, there may come a time when you need to
10971 create your own new widget type. Since GTK uses widget inheritance
10972 extensively, and there is already a widget that is close to what you want,
10973 it is often possible to make a useful new widget type in
10974 just a few lines of code. But before starting work on a new widget, check
10975 around first to make sure that someone has not already written
10976 it. This will prevent duplication of effort and keep the number of
10977 GTK widgets out there to a minimum, which will help keep both the code
10978 and the interface of different applications consistent. As a flip side
10979 to this, once you finish your widget, announce it to the world so
10980 other people can benefit. The best place to do this is probably the
10981 <literal>gtk-list</literal>.</para>
10983 <para>Complete sources for the example widgets are available at the place you
10984 got this tutorial, or from:</para>
10986 <para><ulink url="http://www.gtk.org/~otaylor/gtk/tutorial/">http://www.gtk.org/~otaylor/gtk/tutorial/</ulink></para>
10991 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
10992 <sect1 id="sec-TheAnatomyOfAWidget">
10993 <title>The Anatomy Of A Widget</title>
10995 <para>In order to create a new widget, it is important to have an
10996 understanding of how GTK objects work. This section is just meant as a
10997 brief overview. See the reference documentation for the details. </para>
10999 <para>GTK widgets are implemented in an object oriented fashion. However,
11000 they are implemented in standard C. This greatly improves portability
11001 and stability over using current generation C++ compilers; however,
11002 it does mean that the widget writer has to pay attention to some of
11003 the implementation details. The information common to all instances of
11004 one class of widgets (e.g., to all Button widgets) is stored in the
11005 <emphasis>class structure</emphasis>. There is only one copy of this in
11006 which is stored information about the class's signals
11007 (which act like virtual functions in C). To support inheritance, the
11008 first field in the class structure must be a copy of the parent's
11009 class structure. The declaration of the class structure of GtkButtton
11012 <programlisting role="C">
11013 struct _GtkButtonClass
11015 GtkContainerClass parent_class;
11017 void (* pressed) (GtkButton *button);
11018 void (* released) (GtkButton *button);
11019 void (* clicked) (GtkButton *button);
11020 void (* enter) (GtkButton *button);
11021 void (* leave) (GtkButton *button);
11025 <para>When a button is treated as a container (for instance, when it is
11026 resized), its class structure can be cast to GtkContainerClass, and
11027 the relevant fields used to handle the signals.</para>
11029 <para>There is also a structure for each widget that is created on a
11030 per-instance basis. This structure has fields to store information that
11031 is different for each instance of the widget. We'll call this
11032 structure the <emphasis>object structure</emphasis>. For the Button class, it looks
11035 <programlisting role="C">
11038 GtkContainer container;
11042 guint in_button : 1;
11043 guint button_down : 1;
11047 <para>Note that, similar to the class structure, the first field is the
11048 object structure of the parent class, so that this structure can be
11049 cast to the parent class' object structure as needed.</para>
11053 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
11054 <sect1 id="sec-CreatingACompositeWidget">
11055 <title>Creating a Composite widget</title>
11057 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
11059 <title>Introduction</title>
11061 <para>One type of widget that you may be interested in creating is a
11062 widget that is merely an aggregate of other GTK widgets. This type of
11063 widget does nothing that couldn't be done without creating new
11064 widgets, but provides a convenient way of packaging user interface
11065 elements for reuse. The FileSelection and ColorSelection widgets in
11066 the standard distribution are examples of this type of widget.</para>
11068 <para>The example widget that we'll create in this section is the Tictactoe
11069 widget, a 3x3 array of toggle buttons which triggers a signal when all
11070 three buttons in a row, column, or on one of the diagonals are
11073 <para><emphasis>Note: the full source code for the Tictactoe example described
11074 below is in the <link linkend="sec-Tictactoe">Code Examples Appendix</link>
11078 <inlinemediaobject>
11080 <imagedata fileref="images/tictactoe.png" format="png">
11082 </inlinemediaobject>
11087 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
11089 <title>Choosing a parent class</title>
11091 <para>The parent class for a composite widget is typically the container
11092 class that holds all of the elements of the composite widget. For
11093 example, the parent class of the FileSelection widget is the
11094 Dialog class. Since our buttons will be arranged in a table, it
11095 is natural to make our parent class the Table class.</para>
11099 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
11101 <title>The header file</title>
11103 <para>Each GObject class has a header file which declares the object and
11104 class structures for that object, along with public functions.
11105 A couple of features are worth pointing out. To prevent duplicate
11106 definitions, we wrap the entire header file in:</para>
11108 <programlisting role="C">
11109 #ifndef __TICTACTOE_H__
11110 #define __TICTACTOE_H__
11114 #endif /* __TICTACTOE_H__ */
11117 <para>And to keep C++ programs that include the header file happy, in:</para>
11119 <programlisting role="C">
11120 #include <glib.h>
11129 <para>Along with the functions and structures, we declare five standard
11130 macros in our header file, <literal>TICTACTOE_TYPE</literal>,
11131 <literal>TICTACTOE(obj)</literal>,
11132 <literal>TICTACTOE_CLASS(klass)</literal>,
11133 <literal>IS_TICTACTOE(obj)</literal>, and
11134 <literal>IS_TICTACTOE_CLASS(klass)</literal>, which cast a
11135 pointer into a pointer to the object or class structure, and check
11136 if an object is a Tictactoe widget respectively.</para>
11140 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
11142 <title>The <literal>_get_type()</literal> function</title>
11144 <para>We now continue on to the implementation of our widget. A core
11145 function for every object is the function
11146 <literal>WIDGETNAME_get_type()</literal>. This function, when first called, tells
11147 Glib about the new class, and gets an ID that uniquely identifies
11148 the class. Upon subsequent calls, it just returns the ID.</para>
11150 <programlisting role="C">
11152 tictactoe_get_type (void)
11154 static GType ttt_type = 0;
11158 static const GTypeInfo ttt_info =
11160 sizeof (TictactoeClass),
11161 NULL, /* base_init */
11162 NULL, /* base_finalize */
11163 (GClassInitFunc) tictactoe_class_init,
11164 NULL, /* class_finalize */
11165 NULL, /* class_data */
11166 sizeof (Tictactoe),
11167 0, /* n_preallocs */
11168 (GInstanceInitFunc) tictactoe_init,
11171 ttt_type = g_type_register_static (GTK_TYPE_TABLE,
11181 <para>The GTypeInfo structure has the following definition:</para>
11183 <programlisting role="C">
11186 /* interface types, classed types, instantiated types */
11187 guint16 class_size;
11189 GBaseInitFunc base_init;
11190 GBaseFinalizeFunc base_finalize;
11192 /* classed types, instantiated types */
11193 GClassInitFunc class_init;
11194 GClassFinalizeFunc class_finalize;
11195 gconstpointer class_data;
11197 /* instantiated types */
11198 guint16 instance_size;
11199 guint16 n_preallocs;
11200 GInstanceInitFunc instance_init;
11202 /* value handling */
11203 const GTypeValueTable *value_table;
11207 <para>The important fields of this structure are pretty self-explanatory.
11208 We'll ignore the <literal>base_init</literal> and
11209 <literal>base_finalize</literal> as well as the <literal>value_table</literal>
11210 fields here. Once Glib has a correctly filled in copy of
11211 this structure, it knows how to create objects of a particular type. </para>
11215 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
11217 <title>The <literal>_class_init()</literal> function</title>
11219 <para>The <literal>WIDGETNAME_class_init()</literal> function initializes the fields of
11220 the widget's class structure, and sets up any signals for the
11221 class. For our Tictactoe widget it looks like:</para>
11223 <programlisting role="C">
11230 static guint tictactoe_signals[LAST_SIGNAL] = { 0 };
11233 tictactoe_class_init (TictactoeClass *klass)
11235 tictactoe_signals[TICTACTOE_SIGNAL] =
11236 g_signal_new ("tictactoe",
11237 G_TYPE_FROM_CLASS (klass),
11238 G_SIGNAL_RUN_FIRST | G_SIGNAL_ACTION,
11239 G_STRUCT_OFFSET (TictactoeClass, tictactoe),
11241 g_cclosure_marshal_VOID__VOID, G_TYPE_NONE, 0);
11245 <para>Our widget has just one signal, the <literal>tictactoe</literal> signal that is
11246 invoked when a row, column, or diagonal is completely filled in. Not
11247 every composite widget needs signals, so if you are reading this for
11248 the first time, you may want to skip to the next section now, as
11249 things are going to get a bit complicated.</para>
11251 <para>The function:</para>
11253 <programlisting role="C">
11254 guint g_signal_new( const gchar *signal_name,
11256 GSignalFlags signal_flags,
11257 guint class_offset,
11258 GSignalAccumulator *accumulator,
11259 gpointer accu_data,
11260 GSignalCMarshaller *c_marshaller,
11266 <para>Creates a new signal. The parameters are:</para>
11269 <listitem><simpara> <literal>signal_name</literal>: The name of the signal.</simpara>
11272 <listitem><simpara> <literal>itype</literal>: The ID of the object that this signal applies
11273 to. (It will also apply to that objects descendants.)</simpara>
11276 <listitem><simpara> <literal>signal_flags</literal>: Whether the default handler runs before or after
11277 user handlers and other flags. Usually this will be one of
11278 <literal>G_SIGNAL_RUN_FIRST</literal> or <literal>G_SIGNAL_RUN_LAST</literal>,
11279 although there are other possibilities. The flag
11280 <literal>G_SIGNAL_ACTION</literal> specifies that no extra code needs to
11281 run that performs special pre or post emission adjustments. This means that
11282 the signal can also be emitted from object external code.</simpara>
11285 <listitem><simpara> <literal>class_offset</literal>: The offset within the class structure of
11286 a pointer to the default handler.</simpara>
11289 <listitem><simpara> <literal>accumulator</literal>: For most classes this can
11290 be set to NULL.</simpara></listitem>
11292 <listitem><simpara> <literal>accu_data</literal>: User data that will be handed
11293 to the accumulator function.</simpara></listitem>
11295 <listitem><simpara> <literal>c_marshaller</literal>: A function that is used to invoke the signal
11296 handler. For signal handlers that have no arguments other than the
11297 object that emitted the signal and user data, we can use the
11298 pre-supplied marshaller function <literal>g_cclosure_marshal_VOID__VOID</literal>.</simpara>
11301 <listitem><simpara> <literal>return_type</literal>: The type of the return value.</simpara>
11304 <listitem><simpara> <literal>n_params</literal>: The number of parameters of the signal handler
11305 (other than the two default ones mentioned above)</simpara>
11308 <listitem><simpara> <literal>...</literal>: The types of the parameters.</simpara>
11312 <para>When specifying types, the following standard types can be used:</para>
11314 <programlisting role="C">
11338 <para><literal>g_signal_new()</literal> returns a unique integer identifier for the
11339 signal, that we store in the <literal>tictactoe_signals</literal> array, which we
11340 index using an enumeration. (Conventionally, the enumeration elements
11341 are the signal name, uppercased, but here there would be a conflict
11342 with the <literal>TICTACTOE()</literal> macro, so we called it <literal>TICTACTOE_SIGNAL</literal>
11347 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
11349 <title>The <literal>_init()</literal> function</title>
11351 <para>Each class also needs a function to initialize the object
11352 structure. Usually, this function has the fairly limited role of
11353 setting the fields of the structure to default values. For composite
11354 widgets, however, this function also creates the component widgets.</para>
11356 <programlisting role="C">
11358 tictactoe_init (Tictactoe *ttt)
11362 gtk_table_resize (GTK_TABLE (ttt), 3, 3);
11363 gtk_table_set_homogeneous (GTK_TABLE (ttt), TRUE);
11365 for (i=0;i<3; i++)
11366 for (j=0;j<3; j++)
11368 ttt->buttons[i][j] = gtk_toggle_button_new ();
11369 gtk_table_attach_defaults (GTK_TABLE (ttt), ttt->buttons[i][j],
11371 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (ttt->buttons[i][j]), "toggled",
11372 G_CALLBACK (tictactoe_toggle), ttt);
11373 gtk_widget_set_size_request (ttt->buttons[i][j], 20, 20);
11374 gtk_widget_show (ttt->buttons[i][j]);
11381 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
11383 <title>And the rest...</title>
11385 <para>There is one more function that every object (except for abstract
11386 classes like Bin that cannot be instantiated) needs to have - the
11387 function that the user calls to create an object of that type. This is
11388 conventionally called <literal>OBJECTNAME_new()</literal>. In some
11389 widgets, though not for the Tictactoe widgets, this function takes
11390 arguments, and does some setup based on the arguments. The other two
11391 functions are specific to the Tictactoe widget. </para>
11393 <para><literal>tictactoe_clear()</literal> is a public function that resets all the
11394 buttons in the widget to the up position. Note the use of
11395 <literal>g_signal_handlers_block_matched()</literal> to keep our signal handler for
11396 button toggles from being triggered unnecessarily.</para>
11398 <para><literal>tictactoe_toggle()</literal> is the signal handler that is invoked when the
11399 user clicks on a button. It checks to see if there are any winning
11400 combinations that involve the toggled button, and if so, emits
11401 the "tictactoe" signal.</para>
11403 <programlisting role="C">
11405 tictactoe_new (void)
11407 return GTK_WIDGET ( g_object_new (TICTACTOE_TYPE, NULL));
11411 tictactoe_clear (Tictactoe *ttt)
11415 for (i=0;i<3;i++)
11416 for (j=0;j<3;j++)
11418 g_signal_handlers_block_matched (G_OBJECT (ttt->buttons[i][j]),
11419 G_SIGNAL_MATCH_DATA,
11420 0, 0, NULL, NULL, ttt);
11421 gtk_toggle_button_set_active (GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (ttt->buttons[i][j]),
11423 g_signal_handlers_unblock_matched (G_OBJECT (ttt->buttons[i][j]),
11424 G_SIGNAL_MATCH_DATA,
11425 0, 0, NULL, NULL, ttt);
11430 tictactoe_toggle (GtkWidget *widget, Tictactoe *ttt)
11434 static int rwins[8][3] = { { 0, 0, 0 }, { 1, 1, 1 }, { 2, 2, 2 },
11435 { 0, 1, 2 }, { 0, 1, 2 }, { 0, 1, 2 },
11436 { 0, 1, 2 }, { 0, 1, 2 } };
11437 static int cwins[8][3] = { { 0, 1, 2 }, { 0, 1, 2 }, { 0, 1, 2 },
11438 { 0, 0, 0 }, { 1, 1, 1 }, { 2, 2, 2 },
11439 { 0, 1, 2 }, { 2, 1, 0 } };
11441 int success, found;
11443 for (k=0; k<8; k++)
11448 for (i=0;i<3;i++)
11450 success = success &&
11451 GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON(ttt->buttons[rwins[k][i]][cwins[k][i]])->active;
11453 ttt->buttons[rwins[k][i]][cwins[k][i]] == widget;
11456 if (success && found)
11458 g_signal_emit (G_OBJECT (ttt),
11459 tictactoe_signals[TICTACTOE_SIGNAL], 0);
11466 <para>And finally, an example program using our Tictactoe widget:</para>
11468 <programlisting role="C">
11469 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
11470 #include "tictactoe.h"
11472 /* Invoked when a row, column or diagonal is completed */
11474 win (GtkWidget *widget, gpointer data)
11476 g_print ("Yay!\n");
11477 tictactoe_clear (TICTACTOE (widget));
11481 main (int argc, char *argv[])
11486 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
11488 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
11490 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Aspect Frame");
11492 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
11493 G_CALLBACK (exit), NULL);
11495 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
11497 /* Create a new Tictactoe widget */
11498 ttt = tictactoe_new ();
11499 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), ttt);
11500 gtk_widget_show (ttt);
11502 /* And attach to its "tictactoe" signal */
11503 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (ttt), "tictactoe",
11504 G_CALLBACK (win), NULL);
11506 gtk_widget_show (window);
11517 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
11518 <sect1 id="sec-CreatingAWidgetFromScratch">
11519 <title>Creating a widget from scratch</title>
11521 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
11523 <title>Introduction</title>
11525 <para>In this section, we'll learn more about how widgets display themselves
11526 on the screen and interact with events. As an example of this, we'll
11527 create an analog dial widget with a pointer that the user can drag to
11528 set the value.</para>
11531 <inlinemediaobject>
11533 <imagedata fileref="images/gtkdial.png" format="png">
11535 </inlinemediaobject>
11540 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
11542 <title>Displaying a widget on the screen</title>
11544 <para>There are several steps that are involved in displaying on the screen.
11545 After the widget is created with a call to <literal>WIDGETNAME_new()</literal>,
11546 several more functions are needed:</para>
11549 <listitem><simpara> <literal>WIDGETNAME_realize()</literal> is responsible for creating an X
11550 window for the widget if it has one.</simpara>
11552 <listitem><simpara> <literal>WIDGETNAME_map()</literal> is invoked after the user calls
11553 <literal>gtk_widget_show()</literal>. It is responsible for making sure the widget
11554 is actually drawn on the screen (<emphasis>mapped</emphasis>). For a container class,
11555 it must also make calls to <literal>map()</literal> functions of any child widgets.</simpara>
11557 <listitem><simpara> <literal>WIDGETNAME_draw()</literal> is invoked when <literal>gtk_widget_draw()</literal>
11558 is called for the widget or one of its ancestors. It makes the actual
11559 calls to the drawing functions to draw the widget on the screen. For
11560 container widgets, this function must make calls to
11561 <literal>gtk_widget_draw()</literal> for its child widgets.</simpara>
11563 <listitem><simpara> <literal>WIDGETNAME_expose()</literal> is a handler for expose events for the
11564 widget. It makes the necessary calls to the drawing functions to draw
11565 the exposed portion on the screen. For container widgets, this
11566 function must generate expose events for its child widgets which don't
11567 have their own windows. (If they have their own windows, then X will
11568 generate the necessary expose events.)</simpara>
11572 <para>You might notice that the last two functions are quite similar - each
11573 is responsible for drawing the widget on the screen. In fact many
11574 types of widgets don't really care about the difference between the
11575 two. The default <literal>draw()</literal> function in the widget class simply
11576 generates a synthetic expose event for the redrawn area. However, some
11577 types of widgets can save work by distinguishing between the two
11578 functions. For instance, if a widget has multiple X windows, then
11579 since expose events identify the exposed window, it can redraw only
11580 the affected window, which is not possible for calls to <literal>draw()</literal>.</para>
11582 <para>Container widgets, even if they don't care about the difference for
11583 themselves, can't simply use the default <literal>draw()</literal> function because
11584 their child widgets might care about the difference. However,
11585 it would be wasteful to duplicate the drawing code between the two
11586 functions. The convention is that such widgets have a function called
11587 <literal>WIDGETNAME_paint()</literal> that does the actual work of drawing the
11588 widget, that is then called by the <literal>draw()</literal> and <literal>expose()</literal>
11591 <para>In our example approach, since the dial widget is not a container
11592 widget, and only has a single window, we can take the simplest
11593 approach and use the default <literal>draw()</literal> function and only implement
11594 an <literal>expose()</literal> function.</para>
11598 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
11600 <title>The origins of the Dial Widget</title>
11602 <para>Just as all land animals are just variants on the first amphibian that
11603 crawled up out of the mud, GTK widgets tend to start off as variants
11604 of some other, previously written widget. Thus, although this section
11605 is entitled "Creating a Widget from Scratch", the Dial widget really
11606 began with the source code for the Range widget. This was picked as a
11607 starting point because it would be nice if our Dial had the same
11608 interface as the Scale widgets which are just specialized descendants
11609 of the Range widget. So, though the source code is presented below in
11610 finished form, it should not be implied that it was written, <emphasis>ab
11611 initio</emphasis> in this fashion. Also, if you aren't yet familiar with
11612 how scale widgets work from the application writer's point of view, it
11613 would be a good idea to look them over before continuing.</para>
11617 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
11619 <title>The Basics</title>
11621 <para>Quite a bit of our widget should look pretty familiar from the
11622 Tictactoe widget. First, we have a header file:</para>
11624 <programlisting role="C">
11625 /* GTK - The GTK+ Toolkit
11626 * Copyright (C) 1995-1997 Peter Mattis, Spencer Kimball and Josh MacDonald
11628 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
11629 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public
11630 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
11631 * version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
11633 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
11634 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11635 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
11636 * Library General Public License for more details.
11638 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
11639 * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free
11640 * Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
11643 #ifndef __GTK_DIAL_H__
11644 #define __GTK_DIAL_H__
11646 #include <gdk/gdk.h>
11647 #include <gtk/gtkadjustment.h>
11648 #include <gtk/gtkwidget.h>
11653 #endif /* __cplusplus */
11656 #define GTK_DIAL(obj) GTK_CHECK_CAST (obj, gtk_dial_get_type (), GtkDial)
11657 #define GTK_DIAL_CLASS(klass) GTK_CHECK_CLASS_CAST (klass, gtk_dial_get_type (), GtkDialClass)
11658 #define GTK_IS_DIAL(obj) GTK_CHECK_TYPE (obj, gtk_dial_get_type ())
11661 typedef struct _GtkDial GtkDial;
11662 typedef struct _GtkDialClass GtkDialClass;
11668 /* update policy (GTK_UPDATE_[CONTINUOUS/DELAYED/DISCONTINUOUS]) */
11671 /* Button currently pressed or 0 if none */
11674 /* Dimensions of dial components */
11676 gint pointer_width;
11678 /* ID of update timer, or 0 if none */
11681 /* Current angle */
11684 /* Old values from adjustment stored so we know when something changes */
11689 /* The adjustment object that stores the data for this dial */
11690 GtkAdjustment *adjustment;
11693 struct _GtkDialClass
11695 GtkWidgetClass parent_class;
11699 GtkWidget* gtk_dial_new (GtkAdjustment *adjustment);
11700 GtkType gtk_dial_get_type (void);
11701 GtkAdjustment* gtk_dial_get_adjustment (GtkDial *dial);
11702 void gtk_dial_set_update_policy (GtkDial *dial,
11703 GtkUpdateType policy);
11705 void gtk_dial_set_adjustment (GtkDial *dial,
11706 GtkAdjustment *adjustment);
11709 #endif /* __cplusplus */
11712 #endif /* __GTK_DIAL_H__ */
11715 <para>Since there is quite a bit more going on in this widget than the last
11716 one, we have more fields in the data structure, but otherwise things
11717 are pretty similar.</para>
11719 <para>Next, after including header files and declaring a few constants,
11720 we have some functions to provide information about the widget
11721 and initialize it:</para>
11723 <programlisting role="C">
11724 #include <math.h>
11725 #include <stdio.h>
11726 #include <gtk/gtkmain.h>
11727 #include <gtk/gtksignal.h>
11729 #include "gtkdial.h"
11731 #define SCROLL_DELAY_LENGTH 300
11732 #define DIAL_DEFAULT_SIZE 100
11734 /* Forward declarations */
11736 [ omitted to save space ]
11740 static GtkWidgetClass *parent_class = NULL;
11743 gtk_dial_get_type ()
11745 static GtkType dial_type = 0;
11749 static const GtkTypeInfo dial_info =
11753 sizeof (GtkDialClass),
11754 (GtkClassInitFunc) gtk_dial_class_init,
11755 (GtkObjectInitFunc) gtk_dial_init,
11756 /* reserved_1 */ NULL,
11757 /* reserved_1 */ NULL,
11758 (GtkClassInitFunc) NULL
11761 dial_type = gtk_type_unique (GTK_TYPE_WIDGET, &dial_info);
11768 gtk_dial_class_init (GtkDialClass *class)
11770 GtkObjectClass *object_class;
11771 GtkWidgetClass *widget_class;
11773 object_class = (GtkObjectClass*) class;
11774 widget_class = (GtkWidgetClass*) class;
11776 parent_class = gtk_type_class (gtk_widget_get_type ());
11778 object_class->destroy = gtk_dial_destroy;
11780 widget_class->realize = gtk_dial_realize;
11781 widget_class->expose_event = gtk_dial_expose;
11782 widget_class->size_request = gtk_dial_size_request;
11783 widget_class->size_allocate = gtk_dial_size_allocate;
11784 widget_class->button_press_event = gtk_dial_button_press;
11785 widget_class->button_release_event = gtk_dial_button_release;
11786 widget_class->motion_notify_event = gtk_dial_motion_notify;
11790 gtk_dial_init (GtkDial *dial)
11793 dial->policy = GTK_UPDATE_CONTINUOUS;
11796 dial->pointer_width = 0;
11798 dial->old_value = 0.0;
11799 dial->old_lower = 0.0;
11800 dial->old_upper = 0.0;
11801 dial->adjustment = NULL;
11805 gtk_dial_new (GtkAdjustment *adjustment)
11809 dial = gtk_type_new (gtk_dial_get_type ());
11812 adjustment = (GtkAdjustment*) gtk_adjustment_new (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
11814 gtk_dial_set_adjustment (dial, adjustment);
11816 return GTK_WIDGET (dial);
11820 gtk_dial_destroy (GtkObject *object)
11824 g_return_if_fail (object != NULL);
11825 g_return_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (object));
11827 dial = GTK_DIAL (object);
11829 if (dial->adjustment)
11830 gtk_object_unref (GTK_OBJECT (dial->adjustment));
11832 if (GTK_OBJECT_CLASS (parent_class)->destroy)
11833 (* GTK_OBJECT_CLASS (parent_class)->destroy) (object);
11837 <para>Note that this <literal>init()</literal> function does less than for the Tictactoe
11838 widget, since this is not a composite widget, and the <literal>new()</literal>
11839 function does more, since it now has an argument. Also, note that when
11840 we store a pointer to the Adjustment object, we increment its
11841 reference count, (and correspondingly decrement it when we no longer
11842 use it) so that GTK can keep track of when it can be safely destroyed.</para>
11844 <para>Also, there are a few function to manipulate the widget's options:</para>
11846 <programlisting role="C">
11848 gtk_dial_get_adjustment (GtkDial *dial)
11850 g_return_val_if_fail (dial != NULL, NULL);
11851 g_return_val_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (dial), NULL);
11853 return dial->adjustment;
11857 gtk_dial_set_update_policy (GtkDial *dial,
11858 GtkUpdateType policy)
11860 g_return_if_fail (dial != NULL);
11861 g_return_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (dial));
11863 dial->policy = policy;
11867 gtk_dial_set_adjustment (GtkDial *dial,
11868 GtkAdjustment *adjustment)
11870 g_return_if_fail (dial != NULL);
11871 g_return_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (dial));
11873 if (dial->adjustment)
11875 gtk_signal_disconnect_by_data (GTK_OBJECT (dial->adjustment), (gpointer) dial);
11876 gtk_object_unref (GTK_OBJECT (dial->adjustment));
11879 dial->adjustment = adjustment;
11880 gtk_object_ref (GTK_OBJECT (dial->adjustment));
11882 gtk_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT (adjustment), "changed",
11883 (GtkSignalFunc) gtk_dial_adjustment_changed,
11885 gtk_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT (adjustment), "value_changed",
11886 (GtkSignalFunc) gtk_dial_adjustment_value_changed,
11889 dial->old_value = adjustment->value;
11890 dial->old_lower = adjustment->lower;
11891 dial->old_upper = adjustment->upper;
11893 gtk_dial_update (dial);
11899 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
11901 <title><literal>gtk_dial_realize()</literal></title>
11903 <para>Now we come to some new types of functions. First, we have a function
11904 that does the work of creating the X window. Notice that a mask is
11905 passed to the function <literal>gdk_window_new()</literal> which specifies which fields of
11906 the GdkWindowAttr structure actually have data in them (the remaining
11907 fields will be given default values). Also worth noting is the way the
11908 event mask of the widget is created. We call
11909 <literal>gtk_widget_get_events()</literal> to retrieve the event mask that the user
11910 has specified for this widget (with <literal>gtk_widget_set_events()</literal>), and
11911 add the events that we are interested in ourselves.</para>
11913 <para>After creating the window, we set its style and background, and put a
11914 pointer to the widget in the user data field of the GdkWindow. This
11915 last step allows GTK to dispatch events for this window to the correct
11918 <programlisting role="C">
11920 gtk_dial_realize (GtkWidget *widget)
11923 GdkWindowAttr attributes;
11924 gint attributes_mask;
11926 g_return_if_fail (widget != NULL);
11927 g_return_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (widget));
11929 GTK_WIDGET_SET_FLAGS (widget, GTK_REALIZED);
11930 dial = GTK_DIAL (widget);
11932 attributes.x = widget->allocation.x;
11933 attributes.y = widget->allocation.y;
11934 attributes.width = widget->allocation.width;
11935 attributes.height = widget->allocation.height;
11936 attributes.wclass = GDK_INPUT_OUTPUT;
11937 attributes.window_type = GDK_WINDOW_CHILD;
11938 attributes.event_mask = gtk_widget_get_events (widget) |
11939 GDK_EXPOSURE_MASK | GDK_BUTTON_PRESS_MASK |
11940 GDK_BUTTON_RELEASE_MASK | GDK_POINTER_MOTION_MASK |
11941 GDK_POINTER_MOTION_HINT_MASK;
11942 attributes.visual = gtk_widget_get_visual (widget);
11943 attributes.colormap = gtk_widget_get_colormap (widget);
11945 attributes_mask = GDK_WA_X | GDK_WA_Y | GDK_WA_VISUAL | GDK_WA_COLORMAP;
11946 widget->window = gdk_window_new (gtk_widget_get_parent_window (widget), &attributes, attributes_mask);
11948 widget->style = gtk_style_attach (widget->style, widget->window);
11950 gdk_window_set_user_data (widget->window, widget);
11952 gtk_style_set_background (widget->style, widget->window, GTK_STATE_ACTIVE);
11958 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
11960 <title>Size negotiation</title>
11962 <para>Before the first time that the window containing a widget is
11963 displayed, and whenever the layout of the window changes, GTK asks
11964 each child widget for its desired size. This request is handled by the
11965 function <literal>gtk_dial_size_request()</literal>. Since our widget isn't a
11966 container widget, and has no real constraints on its size, we just
11967 return a reasonable default value.</para>
11969 <programlisting role="C">
11971 gtk_dial_size_request (GtkWidget *widget,
11972 GtkRequisition *requisition)
11974 requisition->width = DIAL_DEFAULT_SIZE;
11975 requisition->height = DIAL_DEFAULT_SIZE;
11979 <para>After all the widgets have requested an ideal size, the layout of the
11980 window is computed and each child widget is notified of its actual
11981 size. Usually, this will be at least as large as the requested size,
11982 but if for instance the user has resized the window, it may
11983 occasionally be smaller than the requested size. The size notification
11984 is handled by the function <literal>gtk_dial_size_allocate()</literal>. Notice that
11985 as well as computing the sizes of some component pieces for future
11986 use, this routine also does the grunt work of moving the widget's X
11987 window into the new position and size.</para>
11989 <programlisting role="C">
11991 gtk_dial_size_allocate (GtkWidget *widget,
11992 GtkAllocation *allocation)
11996 g_return_if_fail (widget != NULL);
11997 g_return_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (widget));
11998 g_return_if_fail (allocation != NULL);
12000 widget->allocation = *allocation;
12001 if (GTK_WIDGET_REALIZED (widget))
12003 dial = GTK_DIAL (widget);
12005 gdk_window_move_resize (widget->window,
12006 allocation->x, allocation->y,
12007 allocation->width, allocation->height);
12009 dial->radius = MAX(allocation->width,allocation->height) * 0.45;
12010 dial->pointer_width = dial->radius / 5;
12017 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
12019 <title><literal>gtk_dial_expose()</literal></title>
12021 <para>As mentioned above, all the drawing of this widget is done in the
12022 handler for expose events. There's not much to remark on here except
12023 the use of the function <literal>gtk_draw_polygon</literal> to draw the pointer with
12024 three dimensional shading according to the colors stored in the
12025 widget's style.</para>
12027 <programlisting role="C">
12029 gtk_dial_expose( GtkWidget *widget,
12030 GdkEventExpose *event )
12033 GdkPoint points[3];
12040 g_return_val_if_fail (widget != NULL, FALSE);
12041 g_return_val_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (widget), FALSE);
12042 g_return_val_if_fail (event != NULL, FALSE);
12044 if (event->count > 0)
12047 dial = GTK_DIAL (widget);
12049 gdk_window_clear_area (widget->window,
12051 widget->allocation.width,
12052 widget->allocation.height);
12054 xc = widget->allocation.width/2;
12055 yc = widget->allocation.height/2;
12059 for (i=0; i<25; i++)
12061 theta = (i*M_PI/18. - M_PI/6.);
12065 tick_length = (i%6 == 0) ? dial->pointer_width : dial->pointer_width/2;
12067 gdk_draw_line (widget->window,
12068 widget->style->fg_gc[widget->state],
12069 xc + c*(dial->radius - tick_length),
12070 yc - s*(dial->radius - tick_length),
12071 xc + c*dial->radius,
12072 yc - s*dial->radius);
12077 s = sin(dial->angle);
12078 c = cos(dial->angle);
12081 points[0].x = xc + s*dial->pointer_width/2;
12082 points[0].y = yc + c*dial->pointer_width/2;
12083 points[1].x = xc + c*dial->radius;
12084 points[1].y = yc - s*dial->radius;
12085 points[2].x = xc - s*dial->pointer_width/2;
12086 points[2].y = yc - c*dial->pointer_width/2;
12088 gtk_draw_polygon (widget->style,
12101 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
12103 <title>Event handling</title>
12105 <para>The rest of the widget's code handles various types of events, and
12106 isn't too different from what would be found in many GTK
12107 applications. Two types of events can occur - either the user can
12108 click on the widget with the mouse and drag to move the pointer, or
12109 the value of the Adjustment object can change due to some external
12110 circumstance.</para>
12112 <para>When the user clicks on the widget, we check to see if the click was
12113 appropriately near the pointer, and if so, store the button that the
12114 user clicked with in the <literal>button</literal> field of the widget
12115 structure, and grab all mouse events with a call to
12116 <literal>gtk_grab_add()</literal>. Subsequent motion of the mouse causes the
12117 value of the control to be recomputed (by the function
12118 <literal>gtk_dial_update_mouse</literal>). Depending on the policy that has been
12119 set, "value_changed" events are either generated instantly
12120 (<literal>GTK_UPDATE_CONTINUOUS</literal>), after a delay in a timer added with
12121 <literal>g_timeout_add()</literal> (<literal>GTK_UPDATE_DELAYED</literal>), or only when the
12122 button is released (<literal>GTK_UPDATE_DISCONTINUOUS</literal>).</para>
12124 <programlisting role="C">
12126 gtk_dial_button_press( GtkWidget *widget,
12127 GdkEventButton *event )
12133 double d_perpendicular;
12135 g_return_val_if_fail (widget != NULL, FALSE);
12136 g_return_val_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (widget), FALSE);
12137 g_return_val_if_fail (event != NULL, FALSE);
12139 dial = GTK_DIAL (widget);
12141 /* Determine if button press was within pointer region - we
12142 do this by computing the parallel and perpendicular distance of
12143 the point where the mouse was pressed from the line passing through
12146 dx = event->x - widget->allocation.width / 2;
12147 dy = widget->allocation.height / 2 - event->y;
12149 s = sin(dial->angle);
12150 c = cos(dial->angle);
12152 d_parallel = s*dy + c*dx;
12153 d_perpendicular = fabs(s*dx - c*dy);
12155 if (!dial->button &&
12156 (d_perpendicular < dial->pointer_width/2) &&
12157 (d_parallel > - dial->pointer_width))
12159 gtk_grab_add (widget);
12161 dial->button = event->button;
12163 gtk_dial_update_mouse (dial, event->x, event->y);
12170 gtk_dial_button_release( GtkWidget *widget,
12171 GdkEventButton *event )
12175 g_return_val_if_fail (widget != NULL, FALSE);
12176 g_return_val_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (widget), FALSE);
12177 g_return_val_if_fail (event != NULL, FALSE);
12179 dial = GTK_DIAL (widget);
12181 if (dial->button == event->button)
12183 gtk_grab_remove (widget);
12187 if (dial->policy == GTK_UPDATE_DELAYED)
12188 g_source_remove (dial->timer);
12190 if ((dial->policy != GTK_UPDATE_CONTINUOUS) &&
12191 (dial->old_value != dial->adjustment->value))
12192 gtk_signal_emit_by_name (GTK_OBJECT (dial->adjustment), "value_changed");
12199 gtk_dial_motion_notify( GtkWidget *widget,
12200 GdkEventMotion *event )
12203 GdkModifierType mods;
12206 g_return_val_if_fail (widget != NULL, FALSE);
12207 g_return_val_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (widget), FALSE);
12208 g_return_val_if_fail (event != NULL, FALSE);
12210 dial = GTK_DIAL (widget);
12212 if (dial->button != 0)
12217 if (event->is_hint || (event->window != widget->window))
12218 gdk_window_get_pointer (widget->window, &x, &y, &mods);
12220 switch (dial->button)
12223 mask = GDK_BUTTON1_MASK;
12226 mask = GDK_BUTTON2_MASK;
12229 mask = GDK_BUTTON3_MASK;
12237 gtk_dial_update_mouse (dial, x,y);
12244 gtk_dial_timer( GtkDial *dial )
12246 g_return_val_if_fail (dial != NULL, FALSE);
12247 g_return_val_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (dial), FALSE);
12249 if (dial->policy == GTK_UPDATE_DELAYED)
12250 gtk_signal_emit_by_name (GTK_OBJECT (dial->adjustment), "value_changed");
12256 gtk_dial_update_mouse (GtkDial *dial, gint x, gint y)
12261 g_return_if_fail (dial != NULL);
12262 g_return_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (dial));
12264 xc = GTK_WIDGET(dial)->allocation.width / 2;
12265 yc = GTK_WIDGET(dial)->allocation.height / 2;
12267 old_value = dial->adjustment->value;
12268 dial->angle = atan2(yc-y, x-xc);
12270 if (dial->angle < -M_PI/2.)
12271 dial->angle += 2*M_PI;
12273 if (dial->angle < -M_PI/6)
12274 dial->angle = -M_PI/6;
12276 if (dial->angle > 7.*M_PI/6.)
12277 dial->angle = 7.*M_PI/6.;
12279 dial->adjustment->value = dial->adjustment->lower + (7.*M_PI/6 - dial->angle) *
12280 (dial->adjustment->upper - dial->adjustment->lower) / (4.*M_PI/3.);
12282 if (dial->adjustment->value != old_value)
12284 if (dial->policy == GTK_UPDATE_CONTINUOUS)
12286 gtk_signal_emit_by_name (GTK_OBJECT (dial->adjustment), "value_changed");
12290 gtk_widget_draw (GTK_WIDGET(dial), NULL);
12292 if (dial->policy == GTK_UPDATE_DELAYED)
12295 g_source_remove (dial->timer);
12297 dial->timer = g_timeout_add (SCROLL_DELAY_LENGTH,
12298 (GtkFunction) gtk_dial_timer,
12306 <para>Changes to the Adjustment by external means are communicated to our
12307 widget by the "changed" and "value_changed" signals. The handlers
12308 for these functions call <literal>gtk_dial_update()</literal> to validate the
12309 arguments, compute the new pointer angle, and redraw the widget (by
12310 calling <literal>gtk_widget_draw()</literal>).</para>
12312 <programlisting role="C">
12314 gtk_dial_update (GtkDial *dial)
12318 g_return_if_fail (dial != NULL);
12319 g_return_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (dial));
12321 new_value = dial->adjustment->value;
12323 if (new_value < dial->adjustment->lower)
12324 new_value = dial->adjustment->lower;
12326 if (new_value > dial->adjustment->upper)
12327 new_value = dial->adjustment->upper;
12329 if (new_value != dial->adjustment->value)
12331 dial->adjustment->value = new_value;
12332 gtk_signal_emit_by_name (GTK_OBJECT (dial->adjustment), "value_changed");
12335 dial->angle = 7.*M_PI/6. - (new_value - dial->adjustment->lower) * 4.*M_PI/3. /
12336 (dial->adjustment->upper - dial->adjustment->lower);
12338 gtk_widget_draw (GTK_WIDGET(dial), NULL);
12342 gtk_dial_adjustment_changed (GtkAdjustment *adjustment,
12347 g_return_if_fail (adjustment != NULL);
12348 g_return_if_fail (data != NULL);
12350 dial = GTK_DIAL (data);
12352 if ((dial->old_value != adjustment->value) ||
12353 (dial->old_lower != adjustment->lower) ||
12354 (dial->old_upper != adjustment->upper))
12356 gtk_dial_update (dial);
12358 dial->old_value = adjustment->value;
12359 dial->old_lower = adjustment->lower;
12360 dial->old_upper = adjustment->upper;
12365 gtk_dial_adjustment_value_changed (GtkAdjustment *adjustment,
12370 g_return_if_fail (adjustment != NULL);
12371 g_return_if_fail (data != NULL);
12373 dial = GTK_DIAL (data);
12375 if (dial->old_value != adjustment->value)
12377 gtk_dial_update (dial);
12379 dial->old_value = adjustment->value;
12386 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
12388 <title>Possible Enhancements</title>
12390 <para>The Dial widget as we've described it so far runs about 670 lines of
12391 code. Although that might sound like a fair bit, we've really
12392 accomplished quite a bit with that much code, especially since much of
12393 that length is headers and boilerplate. However, there are quite a few
12394 more enhancements that could be made to this widget:</para>
12397 <listitem><simpara> If you try this widget out, you'll find that there is some
12398 flashing as the pointer is dragged around. This is because the entire
12399 widget is erased every time the pointer is moved before being
12400 redrawn. Often, the best way to handle this problem is to draw to an
12401 offscreen pixmap, then copy the final results onto the screen in one
12402 step. (The ProgressBar widget draws itself in this fashion.)</simpara>
12405 <listitem><simpara> The user should be able to use the up and down arrow keys to
12406 increase and decrease the value.</simpara>
12409 <listitem><simpara> It would be nice if the widget had buttons to increase and
12410 decrease the value in small or large steps. Although it would be
12411 possible to use embedded Button widgets for this, we would also like
12412 the buttons to auto-repeat when held down, as the arrows on a
12413 scrollbar do. Most of the code to implement this type of behavior can
12414 be found in the Range widget.</simpara>
12417 <listitem><simpara> The Dial widget could be made into a container widget with a
12418 single child widget positioned at the bottom between the buttons
12419 mentioned above. The user could then add their choice of a label or
12420 entry widget to display the current value of the dial.</simpara>
12427 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
12428 <sect1 id="sec-LearningMore">
12429 <title>Learning More</title>
12431 <para>Only a small part of the many details involved in creating widgets
12432 could be described above. If you want to write your own widgets, the
12433 best source of examples is the GTK source itself. Ask yourself some
12434 questions about the widget you want to write: IS it a Container
12435 widget? Does it have its own window? Is it a modification of an
12436 existing widget? Then find a similar widget, and start making changes.
12442 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
12443 <chapter id="ch-Scribble">
12444 <title>Scribble, A Simple Example Drawing Program</title>
12446 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
12447 <sect1 id="sec-ScribbleOverview">
12448 <title>Overview</title>
12450 <para>In this section, we will build a simple drawing program. In the
12451 process, we will examine how to handle mouse events, how to draw in a
12452 window, and how to do drawing better by using a backing pixmap. After
12453 creating the simple drawing program, we will extend it by adding
12454 support for XInput devices, such as drawing tablets. GTK provides
12455 support routines which makes getting extended information, such as
12456 pressure and tilt, from such devices quite easy.</para>
12459 <inlinemediaobject>
12461 <imagedata fileref="images/scribble.png" format="png">
12463 </inlinemediaobject>
12468 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
12469 <sect1 id="sec-EventHandling">
12470 <title>Event Handling</title>
12472 <para>The GTK signals we have already discussed are for high-level actions,
12473 such as a menu item being selected. However, sometimes it is useful to
12474 learn about lower-level occurrences, such as the mouse being moved, or
12475 a key being pressed. There are also GTK signals corresponding to these
12476 low-level <emphasis>events</emphasis>. The handlers for these signals have an
12477 extra parameter which is a pointer to a structure containing
12478 information about the event. For instance, motion event handlers are
12479 passed a pointer to a GdkEventMotion structure which looks (in part)
12482 <programlisting role="C">
12483 struct _GdkEventMotion
12496 <para><literal>type</literal> will be set to the event type, in this case
12497 <literal>GDK_MOTION_NOTIFY</literal>, window is the window in which the event
12498 occurred. <literal>x</literal> and <literal>y</literal> give the coordinates of the event.
12499 <literal>state</literal> specifies the modifier state when the event
12500 occurred (that is, it specifies which modifier keys and mouse buttons
12501 were pressed). It is the bitwise OR of some of the following:</para>
12503 <programlisting role="C">
12519 <para>As for other signals, to determine what happens when an event occurs
12520 we call <literal>gtk_signal_connect()</literal>. But we also need let GTK
12521 know which events we want to be notified about. To do this, we call
12522 the function:</para>
12524 <programlisting role="C">
12525 void gtk_widget_set_events (GtkWidget *widget,
12529 <para>The second field specifies the events we are interested in. It
12530 is the bitwise OR of constants that specify different types
12531 of events. For future reference the event types are:</para>
12533 <programlisting role="C">
12535 GDK_POINTER_MOTION_MASK
12536 GDK_POINTER_MOTION_HINT_MASK
12537 GDK_BUTTON_MOTION_MASK
12538 GDK_BUTTON1_MOTION_MASK
12539 GDK_BUTTON2_MOTION_MASK
12540 GDK_BUTTON3_MOTION_MASK
12541 GDK_BUTTON_PRESS_MASK
12542 GDK_BUTTON_RELEASE_MASK
12544 GDK_KEY_RELEASE_MASK
12545 GDK_ENTER_NOTIFY_MASK
12546 GDK_LEAVE_NOTIFY_MASK
12547 GDK_FOCUS_CHANGE_MASK
12549 GDK_PROPERTY_CHANGE_MASK
12550 GDK_PROXIMITY_IN_MASK
12551 GDK_PROXIMITY_OUT_MASK
12554 <para>There are a few subtle points that have to be observed when calling
12555 <literal>gtk_widget_set_events()</literal>. First, it must be called before the X window
12556 for a GTK widget is created. In practical terms, this means you
12557 should call it immediately after creating the widget. Second, the
12558 widget must have an associated X window. For efficiency, many widget
12559 types do not have their own window, but draw in their parent's window.
12560 These widgets are:</para>
12562 <programlisting role="C">
12582 <para>To capture events for these widgets, you need to use an EventBox
12583 widget. See the section on the <link linkend="sec-EventBox">EventBox</link> widget for details.</para>
12585 <para>For our drawing program, we want to know when the mouse button is
12586 pressed and when the mouse is moved, so we specify
12587 <literal>GDK_POINTER_MOTION_MASK</literal> and <literal>GDK_BUTTON_PRESS_MASK</literal>. We also
12588 want to know when we need to redraw our window, so we specify
12589 <literal>GDK_EXPOSURE_MASK</literal>. Although we want to be notified via a
12590 Configure event when our window size changes, we don't have to specify
12591 the corresponding <literal>GDK_STRUCTURE_MASK</literal> flag, because it is
12592 automatically specified for all windows.</para>
12594 <para>It turns out, however, that there is a problem with just specifying
12595 <literal>GDK_POINTER_MOTION_MASK</literal>. This will cause the server to add a new
12596 motion event to the event queue every time the user moves the mouse.
12597 Imagine that it takes us 0.1 seconds to handle a motion event, but the
12598 X server queues a new motion event every 0.05 seconds. We will soon
12599 get way behind the users drawing. If the user draws for 5 seconds,
12600 it will take us another 5 seconds to catch up after they release
12601 the mouse button! What we would like is to only get one motion
12602 event for each event we process. The way to do this is to
12603 specify <literal>GDK_POINTER_MOTION_HINT_MASK</literal>. </para>
12605 <para>When we specify <literal>GDK_POINTER_MOTION_HINT_MASK</literal>, the server sends
12606 us a motion event the first time the pointer moves after entering
12607 our window, or after a button press or release event. Subsequent
12608 motion events will be suppressed until we explicitly ask for
12609 the position of the pointer using the function:</para>
12611 <programlisting role="C">
12612 GdkWindow* gdk_window_get_pointer (GdkWindow *window,
12615 GdkModifierType *mask);
12618 <para>(There is another function, <literal>gtk_widget_get_pointer()</literal> which
12619 has a simpler interface, but turns out not to be very useful, since
12620 it only retrieves the position of the mouse, not whether the buttons
12621 are pressed.)</para>
12623 <para>The code to set the events for our window then looks like:</para>
12625 <programlisting role="C">
12626 gtk_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT (drawing_area), "expose_event",
12627 (GtkSignalFunc) expose_event, NULL);
12628 gtk_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT(drawing_area),"configure_event",
12629 (GtkSignalFunc) configure_event, NULL);
12630 gtk_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT (drawing_area), "motion_notify_event",
12631 (GtkSignalFunc) motion_notify_event, NULL);
12632 gtk_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT (drawing_area), "button_press_event",
12633 (GtkSignalFunc) button_press_event, NULL);
12635 gtk_widget_set_events (drawing_area, GDK_EXPOSURE_MASK
12636 | GDK_LEAVE_NOTIFY_MASK
12637 | GDK_BUTTON_PRESS_MASK
12638 | GDK_POINTER_MOTION_MASK
12639 | GDK_POINTER_MOTION_HINT_MASK);
12642 <para>We'll save the "expose_event" and "configure_event" handlers for
12643 later. The "motion_notify_event" and "button_press_event" handlers
12644 are pretty simple:</para>
12646 <programlisting role="C">
12648 button_press_event( GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventButton *event )
12650 if (event->button == 1 && pixmap != NULL)
12651 draw_brush (widget, event->x, event->y);
12657 motion_notify_event( GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventMotion *event )
12660 GdkModifierType state;
12662 if (event->is_hint)
12663 gdk_window_get_pointer (event->window, &x, &y, &state);
12668 state = event->state;
12671 if (state & GDK_BUTTON1_MASK && pixmap != NULL)
12672 draw_brush (widget, x, y);
12680 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
12681 <sect1 id="sec-TheDrawingAreaWidget">
12682 <title>The DrawingArea Widget, And Drawing</title>
12684 <para>We now turn to the process of drawing on the screen. The
12685 widget we use for this is the DrawingArea widget. A drawing area
12686 widget is essentially an X window and nothing more. It is a blank
12687 canvas in which we can draw whatever we like. A drawing area
12688 is created using the call:</para>
12690 <programlisting role="C">
12691 GtkWidget* gtk_drawing_area_new (void);
12694 <para>A default size for the widget can be specified by calling:</para>
12696 <programlisting role="C">
12697 void gtk_drawing_area_size (GtkDrawingArea *darea,
12702 <para>This default size can be overridden, as is true for all widgets,
12703 by calling <literal>gtk_widget_set_size_request()</literal>, and that, in turn, can
12704 be overridden if the user manually resizes the the window containing
12705 the drawing area.</para>
12707 <para>It should be noted that when we create a DrawingArea widget, we are
12708 <emphasis>completely</emphasis> responsible for drawing the contents. If our
12709 window is obscured then uncovered, we get an exposure event and must
12710 redraw what was previously hidden.</para>
12712 <para>Having to remember everything that was drawn on the screen so we
12713 can properly redraw it can, to say the least, be a nuisance. In
12714 addition, it can be visually distracting if portions of the
12715 window are cleared, then redrawn step by step. The solution to
12716 this problem is to use an offscreen <emphasis>backing pixmap</emphasis>.
12717 Instead of drawing directly to the screen, we draw to an image
12718 stored in server memory but not displayed, then when the image
12719 changes or new portions of the image are displayed, we copy the
12720 relevant portions onto the screen.</para>
12722 <para>To create an offscreen pixmap, we call the function:</para>
12724 <programlisting role="C">
12725 GdkPixmap* gdk_pixmap_new (GdkWindow *window,
12731 <para>The <literal>window</literal> parameter specifies a GDK window that this pixmap
12732 takes some of its properties from. <literal>width</literal> and <literal>height</literal>
12733 specify the size of the pixmap. <literal>depth</literal> specifies the <emphasis>color
12734 depth</emphasis>, that is the number of bits per pixel, for the new window.
12735 If the depth is specified as <literal>-1</literal>, it will match the depth
12736 of <literal>window</literal>.</para>
12738 <para>We create the pixmap in our "configure_event" handler. This event
12739 is generated whenever the window changes size, including when it
12740 is originally created.</para>
12742 <programlisting role="C">
12743 /* Backing pixmap for drawing area */
12744 static GdkPixmap *pixmap = NULL;
12746 /* Create a new backing pixmap of the appropriate size */
12748 configure_event( GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventConfigure *event )
12751 g_object_unref(pixmap);
12753 pixmap = gdk_pixmap_new(widget->window,
12754 widget->allocation.width,
12755 widget->allocation.height,
12757 gdk_draw_rectangle (pixmap,
12758 widget->style->white_gc,
12761 widget->allocation.width,
12762 widget->allocation.height);
12768 <para>The call to <literal>gdk_draw_rectangle()</literal> clears the pixmap
12769 initially to white. We'll say more about that in a moment.</para>
12771 <para>Our exposure event handler then simply copies the relevant portion
12772 of the pixmap onto the screen (we determine the area we need
12773 to redraw by using the event->area field of the exposure event):</para>
12775 <programlisting role="C">
12776 /* Redraw the screen from the backing pixmap */
12778 expose_event( GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventExpose *event )
12780 gdk_draw_drawable(widget->window,
12781 widget->style->fg_gc[GTK_WIDGET_STATE (widget)],
12783 event->area.x, event->area.y,
12784 event->area.x, event->area.y,
12785 event->area.width, event->area.height);
12791 <para>We've now seen how to keep the screen up to date with our pixmap, but
12792 how do we actually draw interesting stuff on our pixmap? There are a
12793 large number of calls in GTK's GDK library for drawing on
12794 <emphasis>drawables</emphasis>. A drawable is simply something that can be drawn
12795 upon. It can be a window, a pixmap, or a bitmap (a black and white
12796 image). We've already seen two such calls above,
12797 <literal>gdk_draw_rectangle()</literal> and <literal>gdk_draw_drawable()</literal>. The
12798 complete list is:</para>
12800 <programlisting role="C">
12803 gdk_draw_rectangle ()
12805 gdk_draw_polygon ()
12810 gdk_draw_segments ()
12814 gdk_draw_layout_line ()
12816 gdk_draw_layout_line_with_colors ()
12817 gdk_draw_layout_with_colors ()
12818 gdk_draw_glyphs_transformed ()
12819 gdk_draw_glyphs_trapezoids ()
12822 <para>See the reference documentation or the header file
12823 <literal><gdk/gdkdrawable.h></literal> for further details on these functions.
12824 These functions all share the same first two arguments. The first
12825 argument is the drawable to draw upon, the second argument is a
12826 <emphasis>graphics context</emphasis> (GC).</para>
12828 <para>A graphics context encapsulates information about things such as
12829 foreground and background color and line width. GDK has a full set of
12830 functions for creating and modifying graphics contexts, but to keep
12831 things simple we'll just use predefined graphics contexts. Each widget
12832 has an associated style. (Which can be modified in a gtkrc file, see
12833 the section GTK's rc file.) This, among other things, stores a number
12834 of graphics contexts. Some examples of accessing these graphics
12835 contexts are:</para>
12837 <programlisting role="C">
12838 widget->style->white_gc
12839 widget->style->black_gc
12840 widget->style->fg_gc[GTK_STATE_NORMAL]
12841 widget->style->bg_gc[GTK_WIDGET_STATE(widget)]
12844 <para>The fields <literal>fg_gc</literal>, <literal>bg_gc</literal>, <literal>dark_gc</literal>, and
12845 <literal>light_gc</literal> are indexed by a parameter of type
12846 <literal>GtkStateType</literal> which can take on the values:</para>
12848 <programlisting role="C">
12851 GTK_STATE_PRELIGHT,
12852 GTK_STATE_SELECTED,
12853 GTK_STATE_INSENSITIVE
12856 <para>For instance, for <literal>GTK_STATE_SELECTED</literal> the default foreground
12857 color is white and the default background color, dark blue.</para>
12859 <para>Our function <literal>draw_brush()</literal>, which does the actual drawing
12860 on the screen, is then:</para>
12862 <programlisting role="C">
12863 /* Draw a rectangle on the screen */
12865 draw_brush (GtkWidget *widget, gdouble x, gdouble y)
12867 GdkRectangle update_rect;
12869 update_rect.x = x - 5;
12870 update_rect.y = y - 5;
12871 update_rect.width = 10;
12872 update_rect.height = 10;
12873 gdk_draw_rectangle (pixmap,
12874 widget->style->black_gc,
12876 update_rect.x, update_rect.y,
12877 update_rect.width, update_rect.height);
12878 gtk_widget_queue_draw_area (widget,
12879 update_rect.x, update_rect.y,
12880 update_rect.width, update_rect.height);
12884 <para>After we draw the rectangle representing the brush onto the pixmap,
12885 we call the function:</para>
12887 <programlisting role="C">
12888 void gtk_widget_queue_draw_area (GtkWidget *widget,
12895 <para>which notifies X that the area given by the <literal>x</literal>,
12896 <literal>y</literal>, <literal>width</literal> and <literal>height</literal> parameters
12897 needs to be updated. X will eventually generate an expose event
12898 (possibly combining the areas passed in several calls to
12899 <literal>gtk_widget_queue_draw_area()</literal>) which will cause our expose event handler
12900 to copy the relevant portions to the screen.</para>
12902 <para>We have now covered the entire drawing program except for a few
12903 mundane details like creating the main window.</para>
12907 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
12908 <sect1 id="sec-AddingXInputSupport">
12909 <title>Adding XInput support</title>
12911 <para>It is now possible to buy quite inexpensive input devices such
12912 as drawing tablets, which allow drawing with a much greater
12913 ease of artistic expression than does a mouse. The simplest way
12914 to use such devices is simply as a replacement for the mouse,
12915 but that misses out many of the advantages of these devices,
12919 <listitem><simpara> Pressure sensitivity</simpara>
12921 <listitem><simpara> Tilt reporting</simpara>
12923 <listitem><simpara> Sub-pixel positioning</simpara>
12925 <listitem><simpara> Multiple inputs (for example, a stylus with a point and eraser)</simpara>
12929 <para>For information about the XInput extension, see the <ulink
12930 url="http://www.gtk.org/~otaylor/xinput/howto/index.html">XInput HOWTO</ulink>.</para>
12932 <para>If we examine the full definition of, for example, the GdkEventMotion
12933 structure, we see that it has fields to support extended device
12934 information.</para>
12936 <programlisting role="C">
12937 struct _GdkEventMotion
12949 GdkInputSource source;
12954 <para><literal>pressure</literal> gives the pressure as a floating point number between
12955 0 and 1. <literal>xtilt</literal> and <literal>ytilt</literal> can take on values between
12956 -1 and 1, corresponding to the degree of tilt in each direction.
12957 <literal>source</literal> and <literal>deviceid</literal> specify the device for which the
12958 event occurred in two different ways. <literal>source</literal> gives some simple
12959 information about the type of device. It can take the enumeration
12962 <programlisting role="C">
12969 <para><literal>deviceid</literal> specifies a unique numeric ID for the device. This can
12970 be used to find out further information about the device using the
12971 <literal>gdk_input_list_devices()</literal> call (see below). The special value
12972 <literal>GDK_CORE_POINTER</literal> is used for the core pointer device. (Usually
12975 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
12977 <title>Enabling extended device information</title>
12979 <para>To let GTK know about our interest in the extended device information,
12980 we merely have to add a single line to our program:</para>
12982 <programlisting role="C">
12983 gtk_widget_set_extension_events (drawing_area, GDK_EXTENSION_EVENTS_CURSOR);
12986 <para>By giving the value <literal>GDK_EXTENSION_EVENTS_CURSOR</literal> we say that
12987 we are interested in extension events, but only if we don't have
12988 to draw our own cursor. See the section <link
12989 linkend="sec-FurtherSophistications"> Further Sophistications </link> below
12990 for more information about drawing the cursor. We could also
12991 give the values <literal>GDK_EXTENSION_EVENTS_ALL</literal> if we were willing
12992 to draw our own cursor, or <literal>GDK_EXTENSION_EVENTS_NONE</literal> to revert
12993 back to the default condition.</para>
12995 <para>This is not completely the end of the story however. By default,
12996 no extension devices are enabled. We need a mechanism to allow
12997 users to enable and configure their extension devices. GTK provides
12998 the InputDialog widget to automate this process. The following
12999 procedure manages an InputDialog widget. It creates the dialog if
13000 it isn't present, and raises it to the top otherwise.</para>
13002 <programlisting role="C">
13004 input_dialog_destroy (GtkWidget *w, gpointer data)
13006 *((GtkWidget **)data) = NULL;
13010 create_input_dialog ()
13012 static GtkWidget *inputd = NULL;
13016 inputd = gtk_input_dialog_new();
13018 gtk_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT(inputd), "destroy",
13019 (GtkSignalFunc)input_dialog_destroy, &inputd);
13020 gtk_signal_connect_object (GTK_OBJECT(GTK_INPUT_DIALOG(inputd)->close_button),
13022 (GtkSignalFunc)gtk_widget_hide,
13023 GTK_OBJECT(inputd));
13024 gtk_widget_hide ( GTK_INPUT_DIALOG(inputd)->save_button);
13026 gtk_widget_show (inputd);
13030 if (!GTK_WIDGET_MAPPED(inputd))
13031 gtk_widget_show(inputd);
13033 gdk_window_raise(inputd->window);
13038 <para>(You might want to take note of the way we handle this dialog. By
13039 connecting to the "destroy" signal, we make sure that we don't keep a
13040 pointer to dialog around after it is destroyed - that could lead to a
13043 <para>The InputDialog has two buttons "Close" and "Save", which by default
13044 have no actions assigned to them. In the above function we make
13045 "Close" hide the dialog, hide the "Save" button, since we don't
13046 implement saving of XInput options in this program.</para>
13050 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13052 <title>Using extended device information</title>
13054 <para>Once we've enabled the device, we can just use the extended
13055 device information in the extra fields of the event structures.
13056 In fact, it is always safe to use this information since these
13057 fields will have reasonable default values even when extended
13058 events are not enabled.</para>
13060 <para>Once change we do have to make is to call
13061 <literal>gdk_input_window_get_pointer()</literal> instead of
13062 <literal>gdk_window_get_pointer</literal>. This is necessary because
13063 <literal>gdk_window_get_pointer</literal> doesn't return the extended device
13064 information.</para>
13066 <programlisting role="C">
13067 void gdk_input_window_get_pointer( GdkWindow *window,
13074 GdkModifierType *mask);
13077 <para>When calling this function, we need to specify the device ID as
13078 well as the window. Usually, we'll get the device ID from the
13079 <literal>deviceid</literal> field of an event structure. Again, this function
13080 will return reasonable values when extension events are not
13081 enabled. (In this case, <literal>event->deviceid</literal> will have the value
13082 <literal>GDK_CORE_POINTER</literal>).</para>
13084 <para>So the basic structure of our button-press and motion event handlers
13085 doesn't change much - we just need to add code to deal with the
13086 extended information.</para>
13088 <programlisting role="C">
13090 button_press_event( GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventButton *event )
13092 print_button_press (event->deviceid);
13094 if (event->button == 1 && pixmap != NULL)
13095 draw_brush (widget, event->source, event->x, event->y, event->pressure);
13101 motion_notify_event( GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventMotion *event )
13105 GdkModifierType state;
13107 if (event->is_hint)
13108 gdk_input_window_get_pointer (event->window, event->deviceid,
13109 &x, &y, &pressure, NULL, NULL, &state);
13114 pressure = event->pressure;
13115 state = event->state;
13118 if (state & GDK_BUTTON1_MASK && pixmap != NULL)
13119 draw_brush (widget, event->source, x, y, pressure);
13125 <para>We also need to do something with the new information. Our new
13126 <literal>draw_brush()</literal> function draws with a different color for
13127 each <literal>event->source</literal> and changes the brush size depending
13128 on the pressure.</para>
13130 <programlisting role="C">
13131 /* Draw a rectangle on the screen, size depending on pressure,
13132 and color on the type of device */
13134 draw_brush (GtkWidget *widget, GdkInputSource source,
13135 gdouble x, gdouble y, gdouble pressure)
13138 GdkRectangle update_rect;
13142 case GDK_SOURCE_MOUSE:
13143 gc = widget->style->dark_gc[GTK_WIDGET_STATE (widget)];
13145 case GDK_SOURCE_PEN:
13146 gc = widget->style->black_gc;
13148 case GDK_SOURCE_ERASER:
13149 gc = widget->style->white_gc;
13152 gc = widget->style->light_gc[GTK_WIDGET_STATE (widget)];
13155 update_rect.x = x - 10 * pressure;
13156 update_rect.y = y - 10 * pressure;
13157 update_rect.width = 20 * pressure;
13158 update_rect.height = 20 * pressure;
13159 gdk_draw_rectangle (pixmap, gc, TRUE,
13160 update_rect.x, update_rect.y,
13161 update_rect.width, update_rect.height);
13162 gtk_widget_draw (widget, &update_rect);
13168 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13170 <title>Finding out more about a device</title>
13172 <para>As an example of how to find out more about a device, our program
13173 will print the name of the device that generates each button
13174 press. To find out the name of a device, we call the function:</para>
13176 <programlisting role="C">
13177 GList *gdk_input_list_devices (void);
13180 <para>which returns a GList (a linked list type from the GLib library)
13181 of GdkDeviceInfo structures. The GdkDeviceInfo structure is defined
13184 <programlisting role="C">
13185 struct _GdkDeviceInfo
13189 GdkInputSource source;
13195 GdkDeviceKey *keys;
13199 <para>Most of these fields are configuration information that you can ignore
13200 unless you are implementing XInput configuration saving. The fieldwe
13201 are interested in here is <literal>name</literal> which is simply the name that X
13202 assigns to the device. The other field that isn't configuration
13203 information is <literal>has_cursor</literal>. If <literal>has_cursor</literal> is false, then we
13204 we need to draw our own cursor. But since we've specified
13205 <literal>GDK_EXTENSION_EVENTS_CURSOR</literal>, we don't have to worry about this.</para>
13207 <para>Our <literal>print_button_press()</literal> function simply iterates through
13208 the returned list until it finds a match, then prints out
13209 the name of the device.</para>
13211 <programlisting role="C">
13213 print_button_press (guint32 deviceid)
13217 /* gdk_input_list_devices returns an internal list, so we shouldn't
13218 free it afterwards */
13219 tmp_list = gdk_input_list_devices();
13223 GdkDeviceInfo *info = (GdkDeviceInfo *)tmp_list->data;
13225 if (info->deviceid == deviceid)
13227 printf("Button press on device '%s'\n", info->name);
13231 tmp_list = tmp_list->next;
13236 <para>That completes the changes to "XInputize" our program.</para>
13240 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13241 <sect2 id="sec-FurtherSophistications">
13242 <title>Further sophistications</title>
13244 <para>Although our program now supports XInput quite well, it lacks some
13245 features we would want in a full-featured application. First, the user
13246 probably doesn't want to have to configure their device each time they
13247 run the program, so we should allow them to save the device
13248 configuration. This is done by iterating through the return of
13249 <literal>gdk_input_list_devices()</literal> and writing out the configuration to a
13252 <para>To restore the state next time the program is run, GDK provides
13253 functions to change device configuration:</para>
13255 <programlisting role="C">
13256 gdk_input_set_extension_events()
13257 gdk_input_set_source()
13258 gdk_input_set_mode()
13259 gdk_input_set_axes()
13260 gdk_input_set_key()
13263 <para>(The list returned from <literal>gdk_input_list_devices()</literal> should not be
13264 modified directly.) An example of doing this can be found in the
13265 drawing program gsumi. (Available from <ulink
13266 url="http://www.msc.cornell.edu/~otaylor/gsumi/">http://www.msc.cornell.edu/~otaylor/gsumi/</ulink>) Eventually, it
13267 would be nice to have a standard way of doing this for all
13268 applications. This probably belongs at a slightly higher level than
13269 GTK, perhaps in the GNOME library.</para>
13271 <para>Another major omission that we have mentioned above is the lack of
13272 cursor drawing. Platforms other than XFree86 currently do not allow
13273 simultaneously using a device as both the core pointer and directly by
13274 an application. See the <ulink
13275 url="http://www.msc.cornell.edu/~otaylor/xinput/XInput-HOWTO.html">XInput-HOWTO</ulink> for more information about this. This means that
13276 applications that want to support the widest audience need to draw
13277 their own cursor.</para>
13279 <para>An application that draws its own cursor needs to do two things:
13280 determine if the current device needs a cursor drawn or not, and
13281 determine if the current device is in proximity. (If the current
13282 device is a drawing tablet, it's a nice touch to make the cursor
13283 disappear when the stylus is lifted from the tablet. When the
13284 device is touching the stylus, that is called "in proximity.")
13285 The first is done by searching the device list, as we did
13286 to find out the device name. The second is achieved by selecting
13287 "proximity_out" events. An example of drawing one's own cursor is
13288 found in the "testinput" program found in the GTK distribution.</para>
13295 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
13296 <chapter id="ch-Tips">
13297 <title>Tips For Writing GTK Applications</title>
13299 <para>This section is simply a gathering of wisdom, general style guidelines
13300 and hints to creating good GTK applications. Currently this section
13301 is very short, but I hope it will get longer in future editions of
13302 this tutorial.</para>
13304 <para>Use GNU autoconf and automake! They are your friends :) Automake
13305 examines C files, determines how they depend on each other, and
13306 generates a Makefile so the files can be compiled in the correct
13307 order. Autoconf permits automatic configuration of software
13308 installation, handling a large number of system quirks to increase
13309 portability. I am planning to make a quick intro on them here.</para>
13311 <para>When writing C code, use only C comments (beginning with "/*" and
13312 ending with "*/"), and don't use C++-style comments ("//"). Although
13313 many C compilers understand C++ comments, others don't, and the ANSI C
13314 standard does not require that C++-style comments be processed as
13319 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
13320 <chapter id="ch-Contributing">
13321 <title>Contributing</title>
13323 <para>This document, like so much other great software out there, was
13324 created for free by volunteers. If you are at all knowledgeable about
13325 any aspect of GTK that does not already have documentation, please
13326 consider contributing to this document.</para>
13328 <para>If you do decide to contribute, please mail your text to Tony Gale,
13329 <literal><ulink url="mailto:gale@gtk.org">gale@gtk.org</ulink></literal>. Also, be aware that the entirety of this
13330 document is free, and any addition by you provide must also be
13331 free. That is, people may use any portion of your examples in their
13332 programs, and copies of this document may be distributed at will, etc.</para>
13334 <para>Thank you.</para>
13338 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
13339 <chapter id="ch-Credits">
13340 <title>Credits</title>
13342 <para>We would like to thank the following for their contributions to this text.</para>
13345 <listitem><simpara>Bawer Dagdeviren, <literal><ulink url="mailto:chamele0n@geocities.com">chamele0n@geocities.com</ulink></literal> for the menus tutorial.</simpara>
13348 <listitem><simpara>Raph Levien, <literal><ulink url="mailto:raph@acm.org">raph@acm.org</ulink></literal>
13349 for hello world ala GTK, widget packing, and general all around wisdom.
13350 He's also generously donated a home for this tutorial.</simpara>
13353 <listitem><simpara>Peter Mattis, <literal><ulink url="mailto:petm@xcf.berkeley.edu">petm@xcf.berkeley.edu</ulink></literal> for the simplest GTK program..
13354 and the ability to make it :)</simpara>
13357 <listitem><simpara>Werner Koch <literal><ulink url="mailto:werner.koch@guug.de">werner.koch@guug.de</ulink></literal> for converting the original plain text to
13358 SGML, and the widget class hierarchy.</simpara>
13361 <listitem><simpara>Mark Crichton <literal><ulink
13362 url="mailto:crichton@expert.cc.purdue.edu">crichton@expert.cc.purdue.edu</ulink></literal> for the menu factory code,
13363 and the table packing tutorial.</simpara>
13366 <listitem><simpara>Owen Taylor <literal><ulink url="mailto:owt1@cornell.edu">owt1@cornell.edu</ulink></literal> for the EventBox widget section (and the
13367 patch to the distro). He's also responsible for the selections code
13368 and tutorial, as well as the sections on writing your own GTK widgets,
13369 and the example application. Thanks a lot Owen for all you help!</simpara>
13372 <listitem><simpara>Mark VanderBoom <literal><ulink url="mailto:mvboom42@calvin.edu">mvboom42@calvin.edu</ulink></literal> for his wonderful work on the
13373 Notebook, Progress Bar, Dialogs, and File selection widgets. Thanks a
13374 lot Mark! You've been a great help.</simpara>
13377 <listitem><simpara>Tim Janik <literal><ulink url="mailto:timj@gtk.org">timj@gtk.org</ulink></literal> for his great job on the Lists
13378 Widget. His excellent work on automatically extracting the widget tree
13379 and signal information from GTK. Thanks Tim :)</simpara>
13382 <listitem><simpara>Rajat Datta <literal><ulink url="mailto:rajat@ix.netcom.com">rajat@ix.netcom.com</ulink>
13383 </literal> for the excellent job on the Pixmap
13384 tutorial.</simpara>
13387 <listitem><simpara>Michael K. Johnson <literal><ulink url="mailto:johnsonm@redhat.com">johnsonm@redhat.com</ulink></literal> for info and code for popup menus.</simpara>
13390 <listitem><simpara>David Huggins-Daines <literal><ulink
13391 url="mailto:bn711@freenet.carleton.ca">bn711@freenet.carleton.ca</ulink></literal> for the Range Widgets and Tree
13392 Widget sections.</simpara>
13395 <listitem><simpara>Stefan Mars <literal><ulink url="mailto:mars@lysator.liu.se">mars@lysator.liu.se</ulink></literal> for the CList section.</simpara>
13398 <listitem><simpara>David A. Wheeler <literal><ulink url="mailto:dwheeler@ida.org">dwheeler@ida.org</ulink></literal> for portions of the text on GLib
13399 and various tutorial fixups and improvements.
13400 The GLib text was in turn based on material developed by Damon Chaplin
13401 <literal><ulink url="mailto:DAChaplin@msn.com">DAChaplin@msn.com</ulink></literal></simpara>
13404 <listitem><simpara>David King for style checking the entire document.</simpara>
13408 <para>And to all of you who commented on and helped refine this document.</para>
13410 <para>Thanks.</para>
13414 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
13415 <chapter id="ch-Copyright">
13416 <title>Tutorial Copyright and Permissions Notice</title>
13418 <para>The GTK Tutorial is Copyright (C) 1997 Ian Main. </para>
13420 <para>Copyright (C) 1998-2002 Tony Gale.</para>
13422 <para>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
13423 manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
13424 preserved on all copies.</para>
13426 <para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
13427 this document under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that
13428 this copyright notice is included exactly as in the original,
13429 and that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under
13430 the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.</para>
13432 <para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
13433 document into another language, under the above conditions for modified
13436 <para>If you are intending to incorporate this document into a published
13437 work, please contact the maintainer, and we will make an effort
13438 to ensure that you have the most up to date information available.</para>
13440 <para>There is no guarantee that this document lives up to its intended
13441 purpose. This is simply provided as a free resource. As such,
13442 the authors and maintainers of the information provided within can
13443 not make any guarantee that the information is even accurate.</para>
13447 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
13448 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
13450 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
13451 <appendix id="app-GTKSignals">
13452 <title>GTK Signals</title>
13454 <para>As GTK is an object oriented widget set, it has a hierarchy of
13455 inheritance. This inheritance mechanism applies for
13456 signals. Therefore, you should refer to the widget hierarchy tree when
13457 using the signals listed in this section.</para>
13459 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13460 <sect1 id="sec-GtkObject">
13461 <title>GtkObject</title>
13463 <programlisting role="C">
13464 void GtkObject::destroy (GtkObject *,
13470 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13471 <sect1 id="sec-GtkWidget">
13472 <title>GtkWidget</title>
13474 <programlisting role="C">
13475 void GtkWidget::show (GtkWidget *,
13477 void GtkWidget::hide (GtkWidget *,
13479 void GtkWidget::map (GtkWidget *,
13481 void GtkWidget::unmap (GtkWidget *,
13483 void GtkWidget::realize (GtkWidget *,
13485 void GtkWidget::unrealize (GtkWidget *,
13487 void GtkWidget::draw (GtkWidget *,
13490 void GtkWidget::draw-focus (GtkWidget *,
13492 void GtkWidget::draw-default (GtkWidget *,
13494 void GtkWidget::size-request (GtkWidget *,
13497 void GtkWidget::size-allocate (GtkWidget *,
13500 void GtkWidget::state-changed (GtkWidget *,
13503 void GtkWidget::parent-set (GtkWidget *,
13506 void GtkWidget::style-set (GtkWidget *,
13509 void GtkWidget::add-accelerator (GtkWidget *,
13516 void GtkWidget::remove-accelerator (GtkWidget *,
13521 gboolean GtkWidget::event (GtkWidget *,
13524 gboolean GtkWidget::button-press-event (GtkWidget *,
13527 gboolean GtkWidget::button-release-event (GtkWidget *,
13530 gboolean GtkWidget::motion-notify-event (GtkWidget *,
13533 gboolean GtkWidget::delete-event (GtkWidget *,
13536 gboolean GtkWidget::destroy-event (GtkWidget *,
13539 gboolean GtkWidget::expose-event (GtkWidget *,
13542 gboolean GtkWidget::key-press-event (GtkWidget *,
13545 gboolean GtkWidget::key-release-event (GtkWidget *,
13548 gboolean GtkWidget::enter-notify-event (GtkWidget *,
13551 gboolean GtkWidget::leave-notify-event (GtkWidget *,
13554 gboolean GtkWidget::configure-event (GtkWidget *,
13557 gboolean GtkWidget::focus-in-event (GtkWidget *,
13560 gboolean GtkWidget::focus-out-event (GtkWidget *,
13563 gboolean GtkWidget::map-event (GtkWidget *,
13566 gboolean GtkWidget::unmap-event (GtkWidget *,
13569 gboolean GtkWidget::property-notify-event (GtkWidget *,
13572 gboolean GtkWidget::selection-clear-event (GtkWidget *,
13575 gboolean GtkWidget::selection-request-event (GtkWidget *,
13578 gboolean GtkWidget::selection-notify-event (GtkWidget *,
13581 void GtkWidget::selection-get (GtkWidget *,
13582 GtkSelectionData *,
13585 void GtkWidget::selection-received (GtkWidget *,
13586 GtkSelectionData *,
13589 gboolean GtkWidget::proximity-in-event (GtkWidget *,
13592 gboolean GtkWidget::proximity-out-event (GtkWidget *,
13595 void GtkWidget::drag-begin (GtkWidget *,
13598 void GtkWidget::drag-end (GtkWidget *,
13601 void GtkWidget::drag-data-delete (GtkWidget *,
13604 void GtkWidget::drag-leave (GtkWidget *,
13608 gboolean GtkWidget::drag-motion (GtkWidget *,
13614 gboolean GtkWidget::drag-drop (GtkWidget *,
13620 void GtkWidget::drag-data-get (GtkWidget *,
13622 GtkSelectionData *,
13626 void GtkWidget::drag-data-received (GtkWidget *,
13630 GtkSelectionData *,
13634 gboolean GtkWidget::client-event (GtkWidget *,
13637 gboolean GtkWidget::no-expose-event (GtkWidget *,
13640 gboolean GtkWidget::visibility-notify-event (GtkWidget *,
13643 void GtkWidget::debug-msg (GtkWidget *,
13650 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13651 <sect1 id="sec-GtkData">
13652 <title>GtkData</title>
13654 <programlisting role="C">
13655 void GtkData::disconnect (GtkData *,
13661 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13662 <sect1 id="sec-GtkContainer">
13663 <title>GtkContainer</title>
13665 <programlisting role="C">
13666 void GtkContainer::add (GtkContainer *,
13669 void GtkContainer::remove (GtkContainer *,
13672 void GtkContainer::check-resize (GtkContainer *,
13674 GtkDirectionType GtkContainer::focus (GtkContainer *,
13677 void GtkContainer::set-focus-child (GtkContainer *,
13684 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13685 <sect1 id="sec-GtkCalendar">
13686 <title>GtkCalendar</title>
13688 <programlisting role="C">
13689 void GtkCalendar::month-changed (GtkCalendar *,
13691 void GtkCalendar::day-selected (GtkCalendar *,
13693 void GtkCalendar::day-selected-double-click (GtkCalendar *,
13695 void GtkCalendar::prev-month (GtkCalendar *,
13697 void GtkCalendar::next-month (GtkCalendar *,
13699 void GtkCalendar::prev-year (GtkCalendar *,
13701 void GtkCalendar::next-year (GtkCalendar *,
13707 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13708 <sect1 id="sec-GtkEditable">
13709 <title>GtkEditable</title>
13711 <programlisting role="C">
13712 void GtkEditable::changed (GtkEditable *,
13714 void GtkEditable::insert-text (GtkEditable *,
13719 void GtkEditable::delete-text (GtkEditable *,
13723 void GtkEditable::activate (GtkEditable *,
13725 void GtkEditable::set-editable (GtkEditable *,
13728 void GtkEditable::move-cursor (GtkEditable *,
13732 void GtkEditable::move-word (GtkEditable *,
13735 void GtkEditable::move-page (GtkEditable *,
13739 void GtkEditable::move-to-row (GtkEditable *,
13742 void GtkEditable::move-to-column (GtkEditable *,
13745 void GtkEditable::kill-char (GtkEditable *,
13748 void GtkEditable::kill-word (GtkEditable *,
13751 void GtkEditable::kill-line (GtkEditable *,
13754 void GtkEditable::cut-clipboard (GtkEditable *,
13756 void GtkEditable::copy-clipboard (GtkEditable *,
13758 void GtkEditable::paste-clipboard (GtkEditable *,
13764 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13765 <sect1 id="sec-GtkNotebook">
13766 <title>GtkNotebook</title>
13768 <programlisting role="C">
13769 void GtkNotebook::switch-page (GtkNotebook *,
13777 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13778 <sect1 id="sec-GtkList">
13779 <title>GtkList</title>
13781 <programlisting role="C">
13782 void GtkList::selection-changed (GtkList *,
13784 void GtkList::select-child (GtkList *,
13787 void GtkList::unselect-child (GtkList *,
13794 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13795 <sect1 id="sec-GtkMenuShell">
13796 <title>GtkMenuShell</title>
13798 <programlisting role="C">
13799 void GtkMenuShell::deactivate (GtkMenuShell *,
13801 void GtkMenuShell::selection-done (GtkMenuShell *,
13803 void GtkMenuShell::move-current (GtkMenuShell *,
13804 GtkMenuDirectionType,
13806 void GtkMenuShell::activate-current (GtkMenuShell *,
13809 void GtkMenuShell::cancel (GtkMenuShell *,
13815 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13816 <sect1 id="sec-GtkToolbar">
13817 <title>GtkToolbar</title>
13819 <programlisting role="C">
13820 void GtkToolbar::orientation-changed (GtkToolbar *,
13823 void GtkToolbar::style-changed (GtkToolbar *,
13830 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13831 <sect1 id="sec-GtkButton">
13832 <title>GtkButton</title>
13834 <programlisting role="C">
13835 void GtkButton::pressed (GtkButton *,
13837 void GtkButton::released (GtkButton *,
13839 void GtkButton::clicked (GtkButton *,
13841 void GtkButton::enter (GtkButton *,
13843 void GtkButton::leave (GtkButton *,
13849 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13850 <sect1 id="sec-GtkItem">
13851 <title>GtkItem</title>
13853 <programlisting role="C">
13854 void GtkItem::select (GtkItem *,
13856 void GtkItem::deselect (GtkItem *,
13858 void GtkItem::toggle (GtkItem *,
13864 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13865 <sect1 id="sec-GtkWindow">
13866 <title>GtkWindow</title>
13868 <programlisting role="C">
13869 void GtkWindow::set-focus (GtkWindow *,
13876 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13877 <sect1 id="sec-GtkHandleBox">
13878 <title>GtkHandleBox</title>
13880 <programlisting role="C">
13881 void GtkHandleBox::child-attached (GtkHandleBox *,
13884 void GtkHandleBox::child-detached (GtkHandleBox *,
13891 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13892 <sect1 id="sec-GtkToggleButton">
13893 <title>GtkToggleButton</title>
13895 <programlisting role="C">
13896 void GtkToggleButton::toggled (GtkToggleButton *,
13902 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13903 <sect1 id="sec-GtkMenuItem">
13904 <title>GtkMenuItem</title>
13906 <programlisting role="C">
13907 void GtkMenuItem::activate (GtkMenuItem *,
13909 void GtkMenuItem::activate-item (GtkMenuItem *,
13915 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13916 <sect1 id="sec-GtkCheckMenuItem">
13917 <title>GtkCheckMenuItem</title>
13919 <programlisting role="C">
13920 void GtkCheckMenuItem::toggled (GtkCheckMenuItem *,
13926 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13927 <sect1 id="sec-GtkInputDialog">
13928 <title>GtkInputDialog</title>
13930 <programlisting role="C">
13931 void GtkInputDialog::enable-device (GtkInputDialog *,
13934 void GtkInputDialog::disable-device (GtkInputDialog *,
13941 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13942 <sect1 id="sec-GtkColorSelection">
13943 <title>GtkColorSelection</title>
13945 <programlisting role="C">
13946 void GtkColorSelection::color-changed (GtkColorSelection *,
13952 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13953 <sect1 id="sec-GtkStatusBar">
13954 <title>GtkStatusBar</title>
13956 <programlisting role="C">
13957 void GtkStatusbar::text-pushed (GtkStatusbar *,
13961 void GtkStatusbar::text-popped (GtkStatusbar *,
13969 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13970 <sect1 id="sec-GtkCurve">
13971 <title>GtkCurve</title>
13973 <programlisting role="C">
13974 void GtkCurve::curve-type-changed (GtkCurve *,
13980 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
13981 <sect1 id="sec-GtkAdjustment">
13982 <title>GtkAdjustment</title>
13984 <programlisting role="C">
13985 void GtkAdjustment::changed (GtkAdjustment *,
13987 void GtkAdjustment::value-changed (GtkAdjustment *,
13994 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
13995 <appendix id="app-GDKEventTypes">
13996 <title>GDK Event Types</title>
13998 <para>The following data types are passed into event handlers by GTK+. For
13999 each data type listed, the signals that use this data type are listed.</para>
14002 <listitem><simpara> GdkEvent</simpara>
14004 <listitem><simpara>drag_end_event</simpara>
14009 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventType<</simpara>
14012 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventAny</simpara>
14014 <listitem><simpara>delete_event</simpara>
14016 <listitem><simpara>destroy_event</simpara>
14018 <listitem><simpara>map_event</simpara>
14020 <listitem><simpara>unmap_event</simpara>
14022 <listitem><simpara>no_expose_event</simpara>
14027 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventExpose</simpara>
14029 <listitem><simpara>expose_event</simpara>
14034 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventNoExpose</simpara>
14037 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventVisibility</simpara>
14040 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventMotion</simpara>
14042 <listitem><simpara>motion_notify_event</simpara>
14046 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventButton</simpara>
14048 <listitem><simpara>button_press_event</simpara>
14050 <listitem><simpara>button_release_event</simpara>
14055 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventKey</simpara>
14057 <listitem><simpara>key_press_event</simpara>
14059 <listitem><simpara>key_release_event</simpara>
14064 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventCrossing</simpara>
14066 <listitem><simpara>enter_notify_event</simpara>
14068 <listitem><simpara>leave_notify_event</simpara>
14073 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventFocus</simpara>
14075 <listitem><simpara>focus_in_event</simpara>
14077 <listitem><simpara>focus_out_event</simpara>
14082 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventConfigure</simpara>
14084 <listitem><simpara>configure_event</simpara>
14089 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventProperty</simpara>
14091 <listitem><simpara>property_notify_event</simpara>
14096 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventSelection</simpara>
14098 <listitem><simpara>selection_clear_event</simpara>
14100 <listitem><simpara>selection_request_event</simpara>
14102 <listitem><simpara>selection_notify_event</simpara>
14107 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventProximity</simpara>
14109 <listitem><simpara>proximity_in_event</simpara>
14111 <listitem><simpara>proximity_out_event</simpara>
14116 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventDragBegin</simpara>
14118 <listitem><simpara>drag_begin_event</simpara>
14123 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventDragRequest</simpara>
14125 <listitem><simpara>drag_request_event</simpara>
14130 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventDropEnter</simpara>
14132 <listitem><simpara>drop_enter_event</simpara>
14137 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventDropLeave</simpara>
14139 <listitem><simpara>drop_leave_event</simpara>
14144 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventDropDataAvailable</simpara>
14146 <listitem><simpara>drop_data_available_event</simpara>
14151 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventClient</simpara>
14153 <listitem><simpara>client_event</simpara>
14158 <listitem><simpara> GdkEventOther</simpara>
14160 <listitem><simpara>other_event</simpara>
14166 <para>The data type <literal>GdkEventType</literal> is a special data type that is used by
14167 all the other data types as an indicator of the data type being passed
14168 to the signal handler. As you will see below, each of the event data
14169 structures has a member of this type. It is defined as an enumeration
14170 type as follows:</para>
14172 <programlisting role="C">
14179 GDK_MOTION_NOTIFY = 3,
14180 GDK_BUTTON_PRESS = 4,
14181 GDK_2BUTTON_PRESS = 5,
14182 GDK_3BUTTON_PRESS = 6,
14183 GDK_BUTTON_RELEASE = 7,
14185 GDK_KEY_RELEASE = 9,
14186 GDK_ENTER_NOTIFY = 10,
14187 GDK_LEAVE_NOTIFY = 11,
14188 GDK_FOCUS_CHANGE = 12,
14189 GDK_CONFIGURE = 13,
14192 GDK_PROPERTY_NOTIFY = 16,
14193 GDK_SELECTION_CLEAR = 17,
14194 GDK_SELECTION_REQUEST = 18,
14195 GDK_SELECTION_NOTIFY = 19,
14196 GDK_PROXIMITY_IN = 20,
14197 GDK_PROXIMITY_OUT = 21,
14198 GDK_DRAG_BEGIN = 22,
14199 GDK_DRAG_REQUEST = 23,
14200 GDK_DROP_ENTER = 24,
14201 GDK_DROP_LEAVE = 25,
14202 GDK_DROP_DATA_AVAIL = 26,
14203 GDK_CLIENT_EVENT = 27,
14204 GDK_VISIBILITY_NOTIFY = 28,
14205 GDK_NO_EXPOSE = 29,
14206 GDK_OTHER_EVENT = 9999 /* Deprecated, use filters instead */
14210 <para>The other event type that is different from the others is
14211 <literal>GdkEvent</literal> itself. This is a union of all the other
14212 data types, which allows it to be cast to a specific
14213 event data type within a signal handler.</para>
14215 <!-- Just a big list for now, needs expanding upon - TRG -->
14216 <para>So, the event data types are defined as follows:</para>
14218 <programlisting role="C">
14219 struct _GdkEventAny
14226 struct _GdkEventExpose
14232 gint count; /* If non-zero, how many more events follow. */
14235 struct _GdkEventNoExpose
14240 /* XXX: does anyone need the X major_code or minor_code fields? */
14243 struct _GdkEventVisibility
14248 GdkVisibilityState state;
14251 struct _GdkEventMotion
14264 GdkInputSource source;
14266 gdouble x_root, y_root;
14269 struct _GdkEventButton
14282 GdkInputSource source;
14284 gdouble x_root, y_root;
14287 struct _GdkEventKey
14299 struct _GdkEventCrossing
14304 GdkWindow *subwindow;
14305 GdkNotifyType detail;
14308 struct _GdkEventFocus
14316 struct _GdkEventConfigure
14326 struct _GdkEventProperty
14336 struct _GdkEventSelection
14348 /* This event type will be used pretty rarely. It only is important
14349 for XInput aware programs that are drawing their own cursor */
14351 struct _GdkEventProximity
14357 GdkInputSource source;
14361 struct _GdkEventDragRequest
14369 guint protocol_version:4;
14371 guint willaccept:1;
14372 guint delete_data:1; /* Do *not* delete if link is sent, only
14379 guint8 isdrop; /* This gdk event can be generated by a couple of
14380 X events - this lets the app know whether the
14381 drop really occurred or we just set the data */
14383 GdkPoint drop_coords;
14388 struct _GdkEventDragBegin
14395 guint protocol_version:4;
14402 struct _GdkEventDropEnter
14410 guint protocol_version:4;
14412 guint extended_typelist:1;
14419 struct _GdkEventDropLeave
14427 guint protocol_version:4;
14434 struct _GdkEventDropDataAvailable
14442 guint protocol_version:4;
14448 gchar *data_type; /* MIME type */
14449 gulong data_numbytes;
14455 struct _GdkEventClient
14460 GdkAtom message_type;
14461 gushort data_format;
14469 struct _GdkEventOther
14480 <!-- ***************************************************************** -->
14481 <appendix id="app-CodeExamples">
14482 <title>Code Examples</title>
14484 <para>Below are the code examples that are used in the above text
14485 which are not included in complete form elsewhere.</para>
14487 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
14488 <sect1 id="sec-Tictactoe">
14489 <title>Tictactoe</title>
14490 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
14492 <title>tictactoe.h</title>
14494 <programlisting role="C">
14495 <!-- example-start tictactoe tictactoe.h -->
14496 /* GTK - The GTK+ Toolkit
14497 * Copyright (C) 1995-1997 Peter Mattis, Spencer Kimball and Josh MacDonald
14499 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
14500 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public
14501 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
14502 * version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
14504 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
14505 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
14506 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
14507 * Library General Public License for more details.
14509 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
14510 * License along with this library; if not, write to the
14511 * Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
14512 * Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
14514 #ifndef __TICTACTOE_H__
14515 #define __TICTACTOE_H__
14518 #include <glib.h>
14519 #include <glib-object.h>
14520 #include <gtk/gtktable.h>
14525 #define TICTACTOE_TYPE (tictactoe_get_type ())
14526 #define TICTACTOE(obj) (G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_CAST ((obj), TICTACTOE_TYPE, Tictactoe))
14527 #define TICTACTOE_CLASS(klass) (G_TYPE_CHECK_CLASS_CAST ((klass), TICTACTOE_TYPE, TictactoeClass))
14528 #define IS_TICTACTOE(obj) (G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_TYPE ((obj), TICTACTOE_TYPE))
14529 #define IS_TICTACTOE_CLASS(klass) (G_TYPE_CHECK_CLASS_TYPE ((klass), TICTACTOE_TYPE))
14532 typedef struct _Tictactoe Tictactoe;
14533 typedef struct _TictactoeClass TictactoeClass;
14539 GtkWidget *buttons[3][3];
14542 struct _TictactoeClass
14544 GtkTableClass parent_class;
14546 void (* tictactoe) (Tictactoe *ttt);
14549 GType tictactoe_get_type (void);
14550 GtkWidget* tictactoe_new (void);
14551 void tictactoe_clear (Tictactoe *ttt);
14555 #endif /* __TICTACTOE_H__ */
14557 <!-- example-end -->
14562 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
14564 <title>tictactoe.c</title>
14566 <programlisting role="C">
14567 <!-- example-start tictactoe tictactoe.c -->
14569 /* GTK - The GTK+ Toolkit
14570 * Copyright (C) 1995-1997 Peter Mattis, Spencer Kimball and Josh MacDonald
14572 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
14573 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public
14574 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
14575 * version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
14577 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
14578 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
14579 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
14580 * Library General Public License for more details.
14582 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
14583 * License along with this library; if not, write to the
14584 * Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
14585 * Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
14587 #include <gtk/gtksignal.h>
14588 #include <gtk/gtktable.h>
14589 #include <gtk/gtktogglebutton.h>
14590 #include "tictactoe.h"
14597 static void tictactoe_class_init (TictactoeClass *klass);
14598 static void tictactoe_init (Tictactoe *ttt);
14599 static void tictactoe_toggle (GtkWidget *widget, Tictactoe *ttt);
14601 static guint tictactoe_signals[LAST_SIGNAL] = { 0 };
14604 tictactoe_get_type (void)
14606 static GType ttt_type = 0;
14610 static const GTypeInfo ttt_info =
14612 sizeof (TictactoeClass),
14613 NULL, /* base_init */
14614 NULL, /* base_finalize */
14615 (GClassInitFunc) tictactoe_class_init,
14616 NULL, /* class_finalize */
14617 NULL, /* class_data */
14618 sizeof (Tictactoe),
14620 (GInstanceInitFunc) tictactoe_init,
14623 ttt_type = g_type_register_static (GTK_TYPE_TABLE, "Tictactoe", &ttt_info, 0);
14630 tictactoe_class_init (TictactoeClass *klass)
14633 tictactoe_signals[TICTACTOE_SIGNAL] = g_signal_new ("tictactoe",
14634 G_TYPE_FROM_CLASS (klass),
14635 G_SIGNAL_RUN_FIRST | G_SIGNAL_ACTION,
14636 G_STRUCT_OFFSET (TictactoeClass, tictactoe),
14639 g_cclosure_marshal_VOID__VOID,
14646 tictactoe_init (Tictactoe *ttt)
14650 gtk_table_resize (GTK_TABLE (ttt), 3, 3);
14651 gtk_table_set_homogeneous (GTK_TABLE (ttt), TRUE);
14653 for (i=0;i<3; i++)
14654 for (j=0;j<3; j++) {
14655 ttt->buttons[i][j] = gtk_toggle_button_new ();
14656 gtk_table_attach_defaults (GTK_TABLE (ttt), ttt->buttons[i][j],
14658 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (ttt->buttons[i][j]), "toggled",
14659 G_CALLBACK (tictactoe_toggle), (gpointer) ttt);
14660 gtk_widget_set_size_request (ttt->buttons[i][j], 20, 20);
14661 gtk_widget_show (ttt->buttons[i][j]);
14668 return GTK_WIDGET (g_object_new (tictactoe_get_type (), NULL));
14672 tictactoe_clear (Tictactoe *ttt)
14676 for (i = 0; i<3; i++)
14677 for (j = 0; j<3; j++)
14679 g_signal_handlers_block_matched (G_OBJECT (ttt->buttons[i][j]),
14680 G_SIGNAL_MATCH_DATA,
14681 0, 0, NULL, NULL, ttt);
14682 gtk_toggle_button_set_active (GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (ttt->buttons[i][j]),
14684 g_signal_handlers_unblock_matched (G_OBJECT (ttt->buttons[i][j]),
14685 G_SIGNAL_MATCH_DATA,
14686 0, 0, NULL, NULL, ttt);
14691 tictactoe_toggle (GtkWidget *widget, Tictactoe *ttt)
14695 static int rwins[8][3] = { { 0, 0, 0 }, { 1, 1, 1 }, { 2, 2, 2 },
14696 { 0, 1, 2 }, { 0, 1, 2 }, { 0, 1, 2 },
14697 { 0, 1, 2 }, { 0, 1, 2 } };
14698 static int cwins[8][3] = { { 0, 1, 2 }, { 0, 1, 2 }, { 0, 1, 2 },
14699 { 0, 0, 0 }, { 1, 1, 1 }, { 2, 2, 2 },
14700 { 0, 1, 2 }, { 2, 1, 0 } };
14702 int success, found;
14704 for (k = 0; k<8; k++)
14709 for (i = 0; i<3; i++)
14711 success = success &&
14712 GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (ttt->buttons[rwins[k][i]][cwins[k][i]])->active;
14714 ttt->buttons[rwins[k][i]][cwins[k][i]] == widget;
14717 if (success && found)
14719 g_signal_emit (G_OBJECT (ttt),
14720 tictactoe_signals[TICTACTOE_SIGNAL], 0);
14726 <!-- example-end -->
14731 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
14733 <title>ttt_test.c</title>
14735 <programlisting role="C">
14736 <!-- example-start tictactoe ttt_test.c -->
14738 #include <stdlib.h>
14739 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
14740 #include "tictactoe.h"
14742 void win( GtkWidget *widget,
14745 g_print ("Yay!\n");
14746 tictactoe_clear (TICTACTOE (widget));
14749 int main( int argc,
14755 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
14757 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
14759 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Aspect Frame");
14761 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
14762 G_CALLBACK (exit), NULL);
14764 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
14766 ttt = tictactoe_new ();
14768 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), ttt);
14769 gtk_widget_show (ttt);
14771 /* And attach to its "tictactoe" signal */
14772 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (ttt), "tictactoe",
14773 G_CALLBACK (win), NULL);
14775 gtk_widget_show (window);
14782 <!-- example-end -->
14788 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
14789 <sect1 id="sec-GtkDial">
14790 <title>GtkDial</title>
14792 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
14794 <title>gtkdial.h</title>
14796 <programlisting role="C">
14797 <!-- example-start gtkdial gtkdial.h -->
14799 /* GTK - The GTK+ Toolkit
14800 * Copyright (C) 1995-1997 Peter Mattis, Spencer Kimball and Josh MacDonald
14802 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
14803 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public
14804 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
14805 * version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
14807 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
14808 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
14809 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
14810 * Library General Public License for more details.
14812 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
14813 * License along with this library; if not, write to the
14814 * Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
14815 * Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
14817 #ifndef __GTK_DIAL_H__
14818 #define __GTK_DIAL_H__
14821 #include <gdk/gdk.h>
14822 #include <gtk/gtkadjustment.h>
14823 #include <gtk/gtkwidget.h>
14828 #endif /* __cplusplus */
14831 #define GTK_DIAL(obj) GTK_CHECK_CAST (obj, gtk_dial_get_type (), GtkDial)
14832 #define GTK_DIAL_CLASS(klass) GTK_CHECK_CLASS_CAST (klass, gtk_dial_get_type (), GtkDialClass)
14833 #define GTK_IS_DIAL(obj) GTK_CHECK_TYPE (obj, gtk_dial_get_type ())
14836 typedef struct _GtkDial GtkDial;
14837 typedef struct _GtkDialClass GtkDialClass;
14843 /* update policy (GTK_UPDATE_[CONTINUOUS/DELAYED/DISCONTINUOUS]) */
14846 /* Button currently pressed or 0 if none */
14849 /* Dimensions of dial components */
14851 gint pointer_width;
14853 /* ID of update timer, or 0 if none */
14856 /* Current angle */
14860 /* Old values from adjustment stored so we know when something changes */
14865 /* The adjustment object that stores the data for this dial */
14866 GtkAdjustment *adjustment;
14869 struct _GtkDialClass
14871 GtkWidgetClass parent_class;
14875 GtkWidget* gtk_dial_new (GtkAdjustment *adjustment);
14876 GtkType gtk_dial_get_type (void);
14877 GtkAdjustment* gtk_dial_get_adjustment (GtkDial *dial);
14878 void gtk_dial_set_update_policy (GtkDial *dial,
14879 GtkUpdateType policy);
14881 void gtk_dial_set_adjustment (GtkDial *dial,
14882 GtkAdjustment *adjustment);
14885 #endif /* __cplusplus */
14888 #endif /* __GTK_DIAL_H__ */
14889 <!-- example-end -->
14894 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
14896 <title>gtkdial.c</title>
14898 <programlisting role="C">
14899 <!-- example-start gtkdial gtkdial.c -->
14901 /* GTK - The GTK+ Toolkit
14902 * Copyright (C) 1995-1997 Peter Mattis, Spencer Kimball and Josh MacDonald
14904 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
14905 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public
14906 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
14907 * version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
14909 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
14910 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
14911 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
14912 * Library General Public License for more details.
14914 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
14915 * License along with this library; if not, write to the
14916 * Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
14917 * Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
14919 #include <math.h>
14920 #include <stdio.h>
14921 #include <gtk/gtkmain.h>
14922 #include <gtk/gtksignal.h>
14924 #include "gtkdial.h"
14926 #define SCROLL_DELAY_LENGTH 300
14927 #define DIAL_DEFAULT_SIZE 100
14929 /* Forward declarations */
14931 static void gtk_dial_class_init (GtkDialClass *klass);
14932 static void gtk_dial_init (GtkDial *dial);
14933 static void gtk_dial_destroy (GtkObject *object);
14934 static void gtk_dial_realize (GtkWidget *widget);
14935 static void gtk_dial_size_request (GtkWidget *widget,
14936 GtkRequisition *requisition);
14937 static void gtk_dial_size_allocate (GtkWidget *widget,
14938 GtkAllocation *allocation);
14939 static gboolean gtk_dial_expose (GtkWidget *widget,
14940 GdkEventExpose *event);
14941 static gboolean gtk_dial_button_press (GtkWidget *widget,
14942 GdkEventButton *event);
14943 static gboolean gtk_dial_button_release (GtkWidget *widget,
14944 GdkEventButton *event);
14945 static gboolean gtk_dial_motion_notify (GtkWidget *widget,
14946 GdkEventMotion *event);
14947 static gboolean gtk_dial_timer (GtkDial *dial);
14949 static void gtk_dial_update_mouse (GtkDial *dial, gint x, gint y);
14950 static void gtk_dial_update (GtkDial *dial);
14951 static void gtk_dial_adjustment_changed (GtkAdjustment *adjustment,
14953 static void gtk_dial_adjustment_value_changed (GtkAdjustment *adjustment,
14958 static GtkWidgetClass *parent_class = NULL;
14961 gtk_dial_get_type ()
14963 static GType dial_type = 0;
14967 static const GTypeInfo dial_info =
14969 sizeof (GtkDialClass),
14972 (GClassInitFunc) gtk_dial_class_init,
14977 (GInstanceInitFunc) gtk_dial_init,
14980 dial_type = g_type_register_static (GTK_TYPE_WIDGET, "GtkDial", &dial_info, 0);
14987 gtk_dial_class_init (GtkDialClass *class)
14989 GtkObjectClass *object_class;
14990 GtkWidgetClass *widget_class;
14992 object_class = (GtkObjectClass*) class;
14993 widget_class = (GtkWidgetClass*) class;
14995 parent_class = gtk_type_class (gtk_widget_get_type ());
14997 object_class->destroy = gtk_dial_destroy;
14999 widget_class->realize = gtk_dial_realize;
15000 widget_class->expose_event = gtk_dial_expose;
15001 widget_class->size_request = gtk_dial_size_request;
15002 widget_class->size_allocate = gtk_dial_size_allocate;
15003 widget_class->button_press_event = gtk_dial_button_press;
15004 widget_class->button_release_event = gtk_dial_button_release;
15005 widget_class->motion_notify_event = gtk_dial_motion_notify;
15009 gtk_dial_init (GtkDial *dial)
15011 dial->button = 0;
15012 dial->policy = GTK_UPDATE_CONTINUOUS;
15013 dial->timer = 0;
15014 dial->radius = 0;
15015 dial->pointer_width = 0;
15016 dial->angle = 0.0;
15017 dial->old_value = 0.0;
15018 dial->old_lower = 0.0;
15019 dial->old_upper = 0.0;
15020 dial->adjustment = NULL;
15024 gtk_dial_new (GtkAdjustment *adjustment)
15028 dial = g_object_new (gtk_dial_get_type (), NULL);
15031 adjustment = (GtkAdjustment*) gtk_adjustment_new (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
15033 gtk_dial_set_adjustment (dial, adjustment);
15035 return GTK_WIDGET (dial);
15039 gtk_dial_destroy (GtkObject *object)
15043 g_return_if_fail (object != NULL);
15044 g_return_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (object));
15046 dial = GTK_DIAL (object);
15048 if (dial->adjustment)
15050 g_object_unref (GTK_OBJECT (dial->adjustment));
15051 dial->adjustment = NULL;
15054 if (GTK_OBJECT_CLASS (parent_class)->destroy)
15055 (* GTK_OBJECT_CLASS (parent_class)->destroy) (object);
15059 gtk_dial_get_adjustment (GtkDial *dial)
15061 g_return_val_if_fail (dial != NULL, NULL);
15062 g_return_val_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (dial), NULL);
15064 return dial->adjustment;
15068 gtk_dial_set_update_policy (GtkDial *dial,
15069 GtkUpdateType policy)
15071 g_return_if_fail (dial != NULL);
15072 g_return_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (dial));
15074 dial->policy = policy;
15078 gtk_dial_set_adjustment (GtkDial *dial,
15079 GtkAdjustment *adjustment)
15081 g_return_if_fail (dial != NULL);
15082 g_return_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (dial));
15084 if (dial->adjustment)
15086 g_signal_handlers_disconnect_by_func (GTK_OBJECT (dial->adjustment), NULL, (gpointer) dial);
15087 g_object_unref (GTK_OBJECT (dial->adjustment));
15090 dial->adjustment = adjustment;
15091 g_object_ref (GTK_OBJECT (dial->adjustment));
15093 g_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT (adjustment), "changed",
15094 GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (gtk_dial_adjustment_changed),
15096 g_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT (adjustment), "value_changed",
15097 GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (gtk_dial_adjustment_value_changed),
15100 dial->old_value = adjustment->value;
15101 dial->old_lower = adjustment->lower;
15102 dial->old_upper = adjustment->upper;
15104 gtk_dial_update (dial);
15108 gtk_dial_realize (GtkWidget *widget)
15111 GdkWindowAttr attributes;
15112 gint attributes_mask;
15114 g_return_if_fail (widget != NULL);
15115 g_return_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (widget));
15117 GTK_WIDGET_SET_FLAGS (widget, GTK_REALIZED);
15118 dial = GTK_DIAL (widget);
15120 attributes.x = widget->allocation.x;
15121 attributes.y = widget->allocation.y;
15122 attributes.width = widget->allocation.width;
15123 attributes.height = widget->allocation.height;
15124 attributes.wclass = GDK_INPUT_OUTPUT;
15125 attributes.window_type = GDK_WINDOW_CHILD;
15126 attributes.event_mask = gtk_widget_get_events (widget) |
15127 GDK_EXPOSURE_MASK | GDK_BUTTON_PRESS_MASK |
15128 GDK_BUTTON_RELEASE_MASK | GDK_POINTER_MOTION_MASK |
15129 GDK_POINTER_MOTION_HINT_MASK;
15130 attributes.visual = gtk_widget_get_visual (widget);
15131 attributes.colormap = gtk_widget_get_colormap (widget);
15133 attributes_mask = GDK_WA_X | GDK_WA_Y | GDK_WA_VISUAL | GDK_WA_COLORMAP;
15134 widget->window = gdk_window_new (widget->parent->window, &attributes, attributes_mask);
15136 widget->style = gtk_style_attach (widget->style, widget->window);
15138 gdk_window_set_user_data (widget->window, widget);
15140 gtk_style_set_background (widget->style, widget->window, GTK_STATE_ACTIVE);
15144 gtk_dial_size_request (GtkWidget *widget,
15145 GtkRequisition *requisition)
15147 requisition->width = DIAL_DEFAULT_SIZE;
15148 requisition->height = DIAL_DEFAULT_SIZE;
15152 gtk_dial_size_allocate (GtkWidget *widget,
15153 GtkAllocation *allocation)
15157 g_return_if_fail (widget != NULL);
15158 g_return_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (widget));
15159 g_return_if_fail (allocation != NULL);
15161 widget->allocation = *allocation;
15162 dial = GTK_DIAL (widget);
15164 if (GTK_WIDGET_REALIZED (widget))
15167 gdk_window_move_resize (widget->window,
15168 allocation->x, allocation->y,
15169 allocation->width, allocation->height);
15172 dial->radius = MIN (allocation->width, allocation->height) * 0.45;
15173 dial->pointer_width = dial->radius / 5;
15177 gtk_dial_expose( GtkWidget *widget,
15178 GdkEventExpose *event )
15181 GdkPoint points[6];
15183 gdouble theta, last, increment;
15184 GtkStyle *blankstyle;
15190 g_return_val_if_fail (widget != NULL, FALSE);
15191 g_return_val_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (widget), FALSE);
15192 g_return_val_if_fail (event != NULL, FALSE);
15194 if (event->count > 0)
15197 dial = GTK_DIAL (widget);
15199 /* gdk_window_clear_area (widget->window,
15201 widget->allocation.width,
15202 widget->allocation.height);
15204 xc = widget->allocation.width / 2;
15205 yc = widget->allocation.height / 2;
15207 upper = dial->adjustment->upper;
15208 lower = dial->adjustment->lower;
15210 /* Erase old pointer */
15212 s = sin (dial->last_angle);
15213 c = cos (dial->last_angle);
15214 dial->last_angle = dial->angle;
15216 points[0].x = xc + s*dial->pointer_width/2;
15217 points[0].y = yc + c*dial->pointer_width/2;
15218 points[1].x = xc + c*dial->radius;
15219 points[1].y = yc - s*dial->radius;
15220 points[2].x = xc - s*dial->pointer_width/2;
15221 points[2].y = yc - c*dial->pointer_width/2;
15222 points[3].x = xc - c*dial->radius/10;
15223 points[3].y = yc + s*dial->radius/10;
15224 points[4].x = points[0].x;
15225 points[4].y = points[0].y;
15227 blankstyle = gtk_style_new ();
15228 blankstyle->bg_gc[GTK_STATE_NORMAL] =
15229 widget->style->bg_gc[GTK_STATE_NORMAL];
15230 blankstyle->dark_gc[GTK_STATE_NORMAL] =
15231 widget->style->bg_gc[GTK_STATE_NORMAL];
15232 blankstyle->light_gc[GTK_STATE_NORMAL] =
15233 widget->style->bg_gc[GTK_STATE_NORMAL];
15234 blankstyle->black_gc =
15235 widget->style->bg_gc[GTK_STATE_NORMAL];
15237 gtk_paint_polygon (blankstyle,
15247 g_object_unref (blankstyle);
15252 if ((upper - lower) == 0)
15255 increment = (100*M_PI) / (dial->radius*dial->radius);
15257 inc = (upper - lower);
15259 while (inc < 100) inc *= 10;
15260 while (inc >= 1000) inc /= 10;
15263 for (i = 0; i <= inc; i++)
15265 theta = ((gfloat)i*M_PI / (18*inc/24.) - M_PI/6.);
15267 if ((theta - last) < (increment))
15274 tick_length = (i%(inc/10) == 0) ? dial->pointer_width : dial->pointer_width / 2;
15276 gdk_draw_line (widget->window,
15277 widget->style->fg_gc[widget->state],
15278 xc + c*(dial->radius - tick_length),
15279 yc - s*(dial->radius - tick_length),
15280 xc + c*dial->radius,
15281 yc - s*dial->radius);
15286 s = sin (dial->angle);
15287 c = cos (dial->angle);
15288 dial->last_angle = dial->angle;
15290 points[0].x = xc + s*dial->pointer_width/2;
15291 points[0].y = yc + c*dial->pointer_width/2;
15292 points[1].x = xc + c*dial->radius;
15293 points[1].y = yc - s*dial->radius;
15294 points[2].x = xc - s*dial->pointer_width/2;
15295 points[2].y = yc - c*dial->pointer_width/2;
15296 points[3].x = xc - c*dial->radius/10;
15297 points[3].y = yc + s*dial->radius/10;
15298 points[4].x = points[0].x;
15299 points[4].y = points[0].y;
15302 gtk_paint_polygon (widget->style,
15316 gtk_dial_button_press( GtkWidget *widget,
15317 GdkEventButton *event )
15323 double d_perpendicular;
15325 g_return_val_if_fail (widget != NULL, FALSE);
15326 g_return_val_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (widget), FALSE);
15327 g_return_val_if_fail (event != NULL, FALSE);
15329 dial = GTK_DIAL (widget);
15331 /* Determine if button press was within pointer region - we
15332 do this by computing the parallel and perpendicular distance of
15333 the point where the mouse was pressed from the line passing through
15336 dx = event->x - widget->allocation.width / 2;
15337 dy = widget->allocation.height / 2 - event->y;
15339 s = sin (dial->angle);
15340 c = cos (dial->angle);
15342 d_parallel = s*dy + c*dx;
15343 d_perpendicular = fabs (s*dx - c*dy);
15345 if (!dial->button &&
15346 (d_perpendicular < dial->pointer_width/2) &&
15347 (d_parallel > - dial->pointer_width))
15349 gtk_grab_add (widget);
15351 dial->button = event->button;
15353 gtk_dial_update_mouse (dial, event->x, event->y);
15360 gtk_dial_button_release( GtkWidget *widget,
15361 GdkEventButton *event )
15365 g_return_val_if_fail (widget != NULL, FALSE);
15366 g_return_val_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (widget), FALSE);
15367 g_return_val_if_fail (event != NULL, FALSE);
15369 dial = GTK_DIAL (widget);
15371 if (dial->button == event->button)
15373 gtk_grab_remove (widget);
15375 dial->button = 0;
15377 if (dial->policy == GTK_UPDATE_DELAYED)
15378 g_source_remove (dial->timer);
15380 if ((dial->policy != GTK_UPDATE_CONTINUOUS) &&
15381 (dial->old_value != dial->adjustment->value))
15382 g_signal_emit_by_name (GTK_OBJECT (dial->adjustment), "value_changed");
15389 gtk_dial_motion_notify( GtkWidget *widget,
15390 GdkEventMotion *event )
15393 GdkModifierType mods;
15396 g_return_val_if_fail (widget != NULL, FALSE);
15397 g_return_val_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (widget), FALSE);
15398 g_return_val_if_fail (event != NULL, FALSE);
15400 dial = GTK_DIAL (widget);
15402 if (dial->button != 0)
15407 if (event->is_hint || (event->window != widget->window))
15408 gdk_window_get_pointer (widget->window, &x, &y, &mods);
15410 switch (dial->button)
15413 mask = GDK_BUTTON1_MASK;
15416 mask = GDK_BUTTON2_MASK;
15419 mask = GDK_BUTTON3_MASK;
15426 if (mods & mask)
15427 gtk_dial_update_mouse (dial, x,y);
15434 gtk_dial_timer( GtkDial *dial )
15436 g_return_val_if_fail (dial != NULL, FALSE);
15437 g_return_val_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (dial), FALSE);
15439 if (dial->policy == GTK_UPDATE_DELAYED)
15440 g_signal_emit_by_name (GTK_OBJECT (dial->adjustment), "value_changed");
15446 gtk_dial_update_mouse( GtkDial *dial, gint x, gint y )
15451 g_return_if_fail (dial != NULL);
15452 g_return_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (dial));
15454 xc = GTK_WIDGET(dial)->allocation.width / 2;
15455 yc = GTK_WIDGET(dial)->allocation.height / 2;
15457 old_value = dial->adjustment->value;
15458 dial->angle = atan2(yc-y, x-xc);
15460 if (dial->angle < -M_PI/2.)
15461 dial->angle += 2*M_PI;
15463 if (dial->angle < -M_PI/6)
15464 dial->angle = -M_PI/6;
15466 if (dial->angle > 7.*M_PI/6.)
15467 dial->angle = 7.*M_PI/6.;
15469 dial->adjustment->value = dial->adjustment->lower + (7.*M_PI/6 - dial->angle) *
15470 (dial->adjustment->upper - dial->adjustment->lower) / (4.*M_PI/3.);
15472 if (dial->adjustment->value != old_value)
15474 if (dial->policy == GTK_UPDATE_CONTINUOUS)
15476 g_signal_emit_by_name (GTK_OBJECT (dial->adjustment), "value_changed");
15480 gtk_widget_queue_draw (GTK_WIDGET (dial));
15482 if (dial->policy == GTK_UPDATE_DELAYED)
15484 if (dial->timer)
15485 g_source_remove (dial->timer);
15487 dial->timer = g_timeout_add (SCROLL_DELAY_LENGTH,
15488 (GtkFunction) gtk_dial_timer,
15496 gtk_dial_update (GtkDial *dial)
15500 g_return_if_fail (dial != NULL);
15501 g_return_if_fail (GTK_IS_DIAL (dial));
15503 new_value = dial->adjustment->value;
15505 if (new_value < dial->adjustment->lower)
15506 new_value = dial->adjustment->lower;
15508 if (new_value > dial->adjustment->upper)
15509 new_value = dial->adjustment->upper;
15511 if (new_value != dial->adjustment->value)
15513 dial->adjustment->value = new_value;
15514 g_signal_emit_by_name (GTK_OBJECT (dial->adjustment), "value_changed");
15517 dial->angle = 7.*M_PI/6. - (new_value - dial->adjustment->lower) * 4.*M_PI/3. /
15518 (dial->adjustment->upper - dial->adjustment->lower);
15520 gtk_widget_queue_draw (GTK_WIDGET (dial));
15524 gtk_dial_adjustment_changed (GtkAdjustment *adjustment,
15529 g_return_if_fail (adjustment != NULL);
15530 g_return_if_fail (data != NULL);
15532 dial = GTK_DIAL (data);
15534 if ((dial->old_value != adjustment->value) ||
15535 (dial->old_lower != adjustment->lower) ||
15536 (dial->old_upper != adjustment->upper))
15538 gtk_dial_update (dial);
15540 dial->old_value = adjustment->value;
15541 dial->old_lower = adjustment->lower;
15542 dial->old_upper = adjustment->upper;
15547 gtk_dial_adjustment_value_changed (GtkAdjustment *adjustment,
15552 g_return_if_fail (adjustment != NULL);
15553 g_return_if_fail (data != NULL);
15555 dial = GTK_DIAL (data);
15557 if (dial->old_value != adjustment->value)
15559 gtk_dial_update (dial);
15561 dial->old_value = adjustment->value;
15564 <!-- example-end -->
15569 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
15571 <title>dial_test.c</title>
15573 <programlisting role="C">
15574 <!-- example-start gtkdial dial_test.c -->
15576 #include <stdio.h>
15577 #include <stdlib.h>
15578 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
15579 #include "gtkdial.h"
15581 void value_changed( GtkAdjustment *adjustment,
15586 sprintf(buffer,"%4.2f",adjustment->value);
15587 gtk_label_set_text (GTK_LABEL (label), buffer);
15590 int main( int argc,
15594 GtkAdjustment *adjustment;
15600 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
15602 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
15604 gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Dial");
15606 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
15607 G_CALLBACK (exit), NULL);
15609 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);
15611 vbox = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 5);
15612 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), vbox);
15613 gtk_widget_show (vbox);
15615 frame = gtk_frame_new (NULL);
15616 gtk_frame_set_shadow_type (GTK_FRAME (frame), GTK_SHADOW_IN);
15617 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (vbox), frame);
15618 gtk_widget_show (frame);
15620 adjustment = GTK_ADJUSTMENT (gtk_adjustment_new (0, 0, 100, 0.01, 0.1, 0));
15622 dial = gtk_dial_new (adjustment);
15623 gtk_dial_set_update_policy (GTK_DIAL (dial), GTK_UPDATE_DELAYED);
15624 /* gtk_widget_set_size_request (dial, 100, 100); */
15626 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (frame), dial);
15627 gtk_widget_show (dial);
15629 label = gtk_label_new ("0.00");
15630 gtk_box_pack_end (GTK_BOX (vbox), label, 0, 0, 0);
15631 gtk_widget_show (label);
15633 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (adjustment), "value_changed",
15634 G_CALLBACK (value_changed), (gpointer) label);
15636 gtk_widget_show (window);
15642 <!-- example-end -->
15648 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
15649 <sect1 id="sec-Scribble">
15650 <title>Scribble</title>
15652 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
15654 <title>scribble-simple.c</title>
15656 <programlisting role="C">
15657 <!-- example-start scribble-simple scribble-simple.c -->
15659 /* GTK - The GTK+ Toolkit
15660 * Copyright (C) 1995-1997 Peter Mattis, Spencer Kimball and Josh MacDonald
15662 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
15663 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public
15664 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
15665 * version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
15667 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
15668 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
15669 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
15670 * Library General Public License for more details.
15672 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
15673 * License along with this library; if not, write to the
15674 * Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
15675 * Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
15678 #include <stdlib.h>
15679 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
15681 /* Backing pixmap for drawing area */
15682 static GdkPixmap *pixmap = NULL;
15684 /* Create a new backing pixmap of the appropriate size */
15685 static gboolean configure_event( GtkWidget *widget,
15686 GdkEventConfigure *event )
15689 g_object_unref (pixmap);
15691 pixmap = gdk_pixmap_new (widget->window,
15692 widget->allocation.width,
15693 widget->allocation.height,
15695 gdk_draw_rectangle (pixmap,
15696 widget->style->white_gc,
15699 widget->allocation.width,
15700 widget->allocation.height);
15705 /* Redraw the screen from the backing pixmap */
15706 static gboolean expose_event( GtkWidget *widget,
15707 GdkEventExpose *event )
15709 gdk_draw_drawable (widget->window,
15710 widget->style->fg_gc[GTK_WIDGET_STATE (widget)],
15712 event->area.x, event->area.y,
15713 event->area.x, event->area.y,
15714 event->area.width, event->area.height);
15719 /* Draw a rectangle on the screen */
15720 static void draw_brush( GtkWidget *widget,
15724 GdkRectangle update_rect;
15726 update_rect.x = x - 5;
15727 update_rect.y = y - 5;
15728 update_rect.width = 10;
15729 update_rect.height = 10;
15730 gdk_draw_rectangle (pixmap,
15731 widget->style->black_gc,
15733 update_rect.x, update_rect.y,
15734 update_rect.width, update_rect.height);
15735 gtk_widget_queue_draw_area (widget,
15736 update_rect.x, update_rect.y,
15737 update_rect.width, update_rect.height);
15740 static gboolean button_press_event( GtkWidget *widget,
15741 GdkEventButton *event )
15743 if (event->button == 1 && pixmap != NULL)
15744 draw_brush (widget, event->x, event->y);
15749 static gboolean motion_notify_event( GtkWidget *widget,
15750 GdkEventMotion *event )
15753 GdkModifierType state;
15755 if (event->is_hint)
15756 gdk_window_get_pointer (event->window, &x, &y, &state);
15761 state = event->state;
15764 if (state & GDK_BUTTON1_MASK && pixmap != NULL)
15765 draw_brush (widget, x, y);
15775 int main( int argc,
15779 GtkWidget *drawing_area;
15784 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
15786 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
15787 gtk_widget_set_name (window, "Test Input");
15789 vbox = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);
15790 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), vbox);
15791 gtk_widget_show (vbox);
15793 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
15794 G_CALLBACK (quit), NULL);
15796 /* Create the drawing area */
15798 drawing_area = gtk_drawing_area_new ();
15799 gtk_widget_set_size_request (GTK_WIDGET (drawing_area), 200, 200);
15800 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), drawing_area, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
15802 gtk_widget_show (drawing_area);
15804 /* Signals used to handle backing pixmap */
15806 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (drawing_area), "expose_event",
15807 G_CALLBACK (expose_event), NULL);
15808 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (drawing_area),"configure_event",
15809 G_CALLBACK (configure_event), NULL);
15811 /* Event signals */
15813 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (drawing_area), "motion_notify_event",
15814 G_CALLBACK (motion_notify_event), NULL);
15815 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (drawing_area), "button_press_event",
15816 G_CALLBACK (button_press_event), NULL);
15818 gtk_widget_set_events (drawing_area, GDK_EXPOSURE_MASK
15819 | GDK_LEAVE_NOTIFY_MASK
15820 | GDK_BUTTON_PRESS_MASK
15821 | GDK_POINTER_MOTION_MASK
15822 | GDK_POINTER_MOTION_HINT_MASK);
15824 /* .. And a quit button */
15825 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Quit");
15826 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), button, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
15828 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
15829 G_CALLBACK (gtk_widget_destroy),
15830 G_OBJECT (window));
15831 gtk_widget_show (button);
15833 gtk_widget_show (window);
15839 <!-- example-end -->
15844 <!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -->
15846 <title>scribble-xinput.c</title>
15848 <programlisting role="C">
15849 <!-- example-start scribble-xinput scribble-xinput.c -->
15851 /* GTK - The GTK+ Toolkit
15852 * Copyright (C) 1995-1997 Peter Mattis, Spencer Kimball and Josh MacDonald
15854 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
15855 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public
15856 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
15857 * version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
15859 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
15860 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
15861 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
15862 * Library General Public License for more details.
15864 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
15865 * License along with this library; if not, write to the
15866 * Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
15867 * Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
15870 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
15872 /* Backing pixmap for drawing area */
15873 static GdkPixmap *pixmap = NULL;
15875 /* Create a new backing pixmap of the appropriate size */
15877 configure_event (GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventConfigure *event)
15880 g_object_unref (pixmap);
15882 pixmap = gdk_pixmap_new (widget->window,
15883 widget->allocation.width,
15884 widget->allocation.height,
15886 gdk_draw_rectangle (pixmap,
15887 widget->style->white_gc,
15890 widget->allocation.width,
15891 widget->allocation.height);
15896 /* Redraw the screen from the backing pixmap */
15898 expose_event (GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventExpose *event)
15900 gdk_draw_drawable (widget->window,
15901 widget->style->fg_gc[GTK_WIDGET_STATE (widget)],
15903 event->area.x, event->area.y,
15904 event->area.x, event->area.y,
15905 event->area.width, event->area.height);
15910 /* Draw a rectangle on the screen, size depending on pressure,
15911 and color on the type of device */
15913 draw_brush (GtkWidget *widget, GdkInputSource source,
15914 gdouble x, gdouble y, gdouble pressure)
15917 GdkRectangle update_rect;
15921 case GDK_SOURCE_MOUSE:
15922 gc = widget->style->dark_gc[GTK_WIDGET_STATE (widget)];
15924 case GDK_SOURCE_PEN:
15925 gc = widget->style->black_gc;
15927 case GDK_SOURCE_ERASER:
15928 gc = widget->style->white_gc;
15931 gc = widget->style->light_gc[GTK_WIDGET_STATE (widget)];
15934 update_rect.x = x - 10 * pressure;
15935 update_rect.y = y - 10 * pressure;
15936 update_rect.width = 20 * pressure;
15937 update_rect.height = 20 * pressure;
15938 gdk_draw_rectangle (pixmap, gc, TRUE,
15939 update_rect.x, update_rect.y,
15940 update_rect.width, update_rect.height);
15941 gtk_widget_queue_draw_area (widget,
15942 update_rect.x, update_rect.y,
15943 update_rect.width, update_rect.height);
15947 print_button_press (GdkDevice *device)
15949 g_print ("Button press on device '%s'\n", device->name);
15953 button_press_event (GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventButton *event)
15955 print_button_press (event->device);
15957 if (event->button == 1 && pixmap != NULL) {
15959 gdk_event_get_axis ((GdkEvent *)event, GDK_AXIS_PRESSURE, &pressure);
15960 draw_brush (widget, event->device->source, event->x, event->y, pressure);
15967 motion_notify_event (GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventMotion *event)
15971 GdkModifierType state;
15973 if (event->is_hint)
15975 gdk_device_get_state (event->device, event->window, NULL, &state);
15976 gdk_event_get_axis ((GdkEvent *)event, GDK_AXIS_X, &x);
15977 gdk_event_get_axis ((GdkEvent *)event, GDK_AXIS_Y, &y);
15978 gdk_event_get_axis ((GdkEvent *)event, GDK_AXIS_PRESSURE, &pressure);
15984 gdk_event_get_axis ((GdkEvent *)event, GDK_AXIS_PRESSURE, &pressure);
15985 state = event->state;
15988 if (state & GDK_BUTTON1_MASK && pixmap != NULL)
15989 draw_brush (widget, event->device->source, x, y, pressure);
15995 input_dialog_destroy (GtkWidget *w, gpointer data)
15997 *((GtkWidget **)data) = NULL;
16001 create_input_dialog ()
16003 static GtkWidget *inputd = NULL;
16007 inputd = gtk_input_dialog_new();
16009 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (inputd), "destroy",
16010 G_CALLBACK (input_dialog_destroy), (gpointer) &inputd);
16011 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (GTK_INPUT_DIALOG (inputd)->close_button),
16013 G_CALLBACK (gtk_widget_hide),
16014 G_OBJECT (inputd));
16015 gtk_widget_hide (GTK_INPUT_DIALOG (inputd)->save_button);
16017 gtk_widget_show (inputd);
16021 if (!GTK_WIDGET_MAPPED (inputd))
16022 gtk_widget_show (inputd);
16024 gdk_window_raise (inputd->window);
16030 main (int argc, char *argv[])
16033 GtkWidget *drawing_area;
16038 gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
16040 window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
16041 gtk_widget_set_name (window, "Test Input");
16043 vbox = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);
16044 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), vbox);
16045 gtk_widget_show (vbox);
16047 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
16048 G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL);
16050 /* Create the drawing area */
16052 drawing_area = gtk_drawing_area_new ();
16053 gtk_widget_set_size_request (GTK_WIDGET (drawing_area), 200, 200);
16054 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), drawing_area, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
16056 gtk_widget_show (drawing_area);
16058 /* Signals used to handle backing pixmap */
16060 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (drawing_area), "expose_event",
16061 G_CALLBACK (expose_event), NULL);
16062 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT(drawing_area),"configure_event",
16063 G_CALLBACK (configure_event), NULL);
16065 /* Event signals */
16067 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (drawing_area), "motion_notify_event",
16068 G_CALLBACK (motion_notify_event), NULL);
16069 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (drawing_area), "button_press_event",
16070 G_CALLBACK (button_press_event), NULL);
16072 gtk_widget_set_events (drawing_area, GDK_EXPOSURE_MASK
16073 | GDK_LEAVE_NOTIFY_MASK
16074 | GDK_BUTTON_PRESS_MASK
16075 | GDK_POINTER_MOTION_MASK
16076 | GDK_POINTER_MOTION_HINT_MASK);
16078 /* The following call enables tracking and processing of extension
16079 events for the drawing area */
16080 gtk_widget_set_extension_events (drawing_area, GDK_EXTENSION_EVENTS_CURSOR);
16082 /* .. And some buttons */
16083 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Input Dialog");
16084 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), button, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
16086 g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
16087 G_CALLBACK (create_input_dialog), NULL);
16088 gtk_widget_show (button);
16090 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Quit");
16091 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), button, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
16093 g_signal_connect_swapped (G_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
16094 G_CALLBACK (gtk_widget_destroy),
16095 G_OBJECT (window));
16096 gtk_widget_show (button);
16098 gtk_widget_show (window);
16104 <!-- example-end -->